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Yam cultivation involves several key steps that ensure high yield and quality. There are three main varieties of yam: longhair yam, common yam, and Japanese yam. Both longhair yam and common yam belong to the same group, while Japanese yam is known for its strong adaptability, good quality, and high yield, making it a promising choice for farmers.
Soil selection is crucial for successful yam farming. Sandy loam or light loam soils with good fertility, looseness, and drainage are ideal. Avoid salty, clayey, or compacted soils. The soil should have a minimum depth of 1–1.2 meters without any layers of clay or sand. Proper plowing is done during winter or spring using the "three turns and one loose" method, digging trenches 100–120 cm deep. Mechanical tools can be used if available.
For seedling preparation, there are three methods: using yam tubers with buds cut into 20–40 cm sections, dividing tubers into 8–10 cm pieces, or using yam pills. It's best to use seedlings with more than zero seeds, planting 1–2 seedlings per plant. Seedlings should not be reused for more than three years. Using tubers as seedlings is an advanced technique that helps prevent variety degradation and increases yield. Before planting, cut sections are soaked in a 300-times diluted carbendazim solution for 1–2 minutes, then dried before sowing. For fine hairy yam and common yam, cutting should be done 30 days in advance, with ash and lime applied at both ends to reduce disease risk.
After preparing the ditch, remove stones and backfill to leave 10 cm above ground level. Water the ditch after leveling and allow it to soak before planting. When planting, place seedlings 10 cm deep in the center of the furrow, spacing them about 25 cm apart. A density of 4,000–4,500 plants per 667 square meters is recommended. Apply fertilizer on both sides of the yam, using 3,000 kg of organic manure, 10–15 kg of urea, 40–50 kg of potassium sulfate, 60–75 kg of superphosphate, and 30–40 kg of cottonseed cake per acre. Cover with 5 cm of soil and form a small ridge.
Scientific management includes vine support, watering, fertilization, weeding, and pest control. Stakes of about 1.5 m are used to support the vines. Watering should be done 5–7 times throughout the growing season, depending on weather conditions. Fertilization requires balanced N, P, K ratios (1.5:1.0:1.2), with additional top-dressing during flowering. Weeding is essential, especially before emergence, using herbicides like landamide or acetochlor.
Pest and disease control focuses on brown spot and anthracnose. Spraying with thiophanate-methyl or chlorothalonil is effective. Insect pests like yam moths can be controlled with pyrethroid pesticides. Harvesting should occur before frost, with tubers stored at 4–7°C for winter storage. Zero sons are harvested 30 days earlier than the main tubers. Proper care ensures high-quality yields and sustainable production.