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Animal species such as pelicans, otters, and squirrels are typically skinned when their winter fur is fully developed. Similarly, animals like moles and coypus are usually processed during the winter and spring seasons. The skinning process involves several techniques depending on the size and type of the animal, ensuring that the fur remains intact and of high quality.
First, the method of skinning. Before beginning, the animal must be humanely euthanized using methods such as clubbing, slitting the neck, or administering a lethal injection. Once the animal is dead, three primary peeling techniques are commonly used:
1. **Cylinder Method** – This technique starts by making an incision around the limbs and tail, removing the coccyx, and then peeling the skin from the back of the hind legs. The skin is then pulled upward toward the head, forming a cylindrical shape. When reaching the head, the skin is carefully separated from the facial muscles, keeping the eyes, ears, and nose intact. This method is ideal for larger animals where the entire skin is preserved in one piece.
2. **Sock Method** – In this approach, the skin is peeled from the head downward. A hook is attached to the upper jaw, and the animal is suspended. The skin is gradually removed from the face, down the body, and finally to the tail. The ears and eyes are handled with care, and the extremities are removed by cutting at the joints. This method is particularly suitable for small, high-value furs like those of minks, otters, and squirrels.
3. **Piece-by-Piece Method** – This method involves cutting along the belly’s midline, starting from the under-eye area to the tip of the tail. The limbs are then cut off, and the entire skin is peeled away. This technique is often used for animals like rabbits, cats, dogs, and various rodents, allowing for a larger skin surface.
Second, the tanning process. After skinning, the raw hide is cleaned in clean water for 5–6 hours to soften it. Any remaining flesh and dirt are scraped off, followed by washing in warm alkaline water to remove grease and impurities. Next, the hide is soaked in a solution made of alum, salt, and water. The solution is gradually thickened over 3–5 days, with daily additions of stock solution. The hide is turned regularly until it becomes firm and opaque, indicating readiness.
Once the hide is properly treated, it is stretched on a frame and left to dry in a well-ventilated area. When about 80% dry, it is rubbed by hand to soften it. A metal tool is then used to smooth the surface while magnesium carbonate powder is applied to make the fur soft and clean. Finally, a comb is gently used to prepare the fur for storage or clothing production.
Third, the dyeing process. Before dyeing, the fur or leather is washed with gasoline or acetone to remove oils and dirt. It is then moistened with water and coated with acetic acid to help the dye adhere better. The dye is prepared by dissolving the desired color (such as aniline black) in warm water at a ratio of 3g dye per 30ml water. The dye is applied evenly with a brush or cotton swab, ensuring full coverage and penetration. After drying, the process is repeated for even coloration.
To enhance the shine and appearance of the dyed fur, a small amount of oil—such as matching shoe polish—is applied after the second coat of dye has dried. The same brushing technique is used, but with less product. This final step ensures the fur looks glossy, clean, and ready for use in garments or other applications.