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Yam cultivation involves several key steps, starting with variety selection. There are three main types of yams: longhair yam, common yam, and Japanese yam. Both longhair and common yam belong to the same long-column variety, while Japanese yam is known for its strong adaptability, high yield, and superior quality, making it a promising option for future development.
Soil preparation is crucial for successful yam farming. The ideal soil type is sandy loam or light loam that is fertile, loose, and well-drained. Avoiding saline, alkaline, and clay soils is essential, as these can negatively affect tuber shape and quality. The soil layer should be at least 1–1.2 meters deep without any layers of clay or sand. During winter and spring, plowing should be done using the "three turns and one loose" method—turning the soil three times and loosening it four times. Ditches should be dug to a depth of 100–120 cm, and mechanical plowing can be used if available.
For seedling preparation, there are three main methods: using yam seedlings, cutting tubers with buds (about 20–40 cm in length), or dividing tubers into 8–10 cm sections. It’s best to use seedlings with more than zero seeds, planting 1–2 seedlings per area, and not reusing them for more than three years. Using tubers as seedlings is an advanced technique that helps solve seed shortages, increases yield, and prevents variety degradation. Before planting, cut segments should be soaked in a 300-times diluted carbendazim solution for 1–2 minutes and then dried. For fine hairy yam and common yam, it’s recommended to prepare cuttings 30 days in advance, applying grass ash and lime on both ends of the cut to reduce pathogen infestation.
Soil preparation also includes trimming, irrigation, and tilling. After excavating the ditch, remove stones and backfill the soil so that the surface is 10 cm below ground level, leaving only the mature tillage layer. Once the ditch is ready, water it thoroughly, allow it to seep, and then plant after the water has drained.
Cultivation methods vary depending on climate. The soil temperature at 5 cm depth should stabilize above 9–10°C before planting. Plastic film can be used to enhance growth. After watering the ditch, place the seedlings in a 10 cm deep hole, spacing them about 25 cm apart, resulting in a density of 4,000–4,500 plants per 667 m². Cover the seedlings with 5 cm of soil and apply fertilizer on both sides. A typical fertilization rate includes 3,000 kg of organic manure, 10–15 kg of urea, 40–50 kg of potassium sulfate, 60–75 kg of superphosphate, and 30–40 kg of cottonseed cake per 667 m². After fertilizing, cover with another 5 cm of soil and form a small raised bed.
Scientific management includes supporting the vines with 1.5-meter poles shortly after emergence. Watering is necessary 5–7 times during the growing season, especially in sunny and dry conditions. The first watering should occur when seedlings are fully emerged to promote growth, followed by watering every 15 days based on rainfall. In rainy seasons, drainage is critical to prevent waterlogging and disease.
Fertilizer application requires a balanced mix of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. For a yield of 2,000–2,500 kg/667 m², the required nutrients are 10.7 kg N, 7.3 kg P₂O₅, and 8.7 kg K₂O, with a ratio of 1.5:1.0:1.2. A top dressing of 15 kg urea and 15–20 kg potassium sulfate can be applied during flowering. Later, spraying 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate and 1% urea helps prevent premature aging.
Weeding and soil loosening are important throughout the growing season. After each irrigation or rain, shallow plowing helps maintain soil aeration and promote tuber growth. Pre-emergence herbicides like landamide or acetochlor can be used to control weeds.
Disease and pest control include managing brown spot and anthracnose. Brown spot affects leaves, and early treatment with thiophanate-methyl or chlorothalonil is recommended. Anthracnose, which damages leaves and stems, can be controlled through crop rotation and fungicide sprays. Insect pests like yam moths can be managed with pyrethroid pesticides.
Finally, yam harvesting occurs before frost. Zero sons are harvested 30 days earlier than the main tubers, and the tubers are stored in a cellar at 4–7°C for winter storage.