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Forage species vary significantly, and proper seed treatment is essential before sowing to enhance germination and ensure high-quality planting. Treatments such as hard seed scarification and rhizobia inoculation play a crucial role in improving seed performance. Many leguminous seeds have a tough seed coat composed of tightly packed, columnar martensitic cells that resist water absorption, which can delay or prevent germination. The hard seed rate for certain species like razor clams is around 10%, while for rakes it reaches 39%. Therefore, treating hard seeds is necessary to improve the success of legume sowing.
Hard seed treatment methods include:
1. **Mechanical Scarification**: Seeds can be gently abraded using roller mills or compactors. Alternatively, mixing legume seeds with gravel and stirring in a mixer until the surface becomes rough without crushing the seeds can also help break the seed coat.
2. **Variable Temperature Soaking**: This method is suitable for areas with adequate moisture or irrigation. Seeds are soaked in hot water overnight, then exposed to sunlight during the day and kept cool at night. Water should be added regularly to maintain moisture. When most seeds begin to swell, they are ready for sowing.
3. **Acid Treatment**: A diluted solution of sulfuric or hydrochloric acid is applied to the seeds and mixed thoroughly. Once the seed coat cracks, the seeds are rinsed under running water and dried before sowing.
Rhizobium inoculation is another important step, as it enables legumes to form symbiotic relationships with nitrogen-fixing bacteria, enhancing soil fertility. However, the formation of nodules depends on the presence of rhizobia in the soil. For legumes grown for the first time on new land or replanted on the same plot, it’s vital to increase rhizobial populations through inoculation to boost yield and quality.
When inoculating legumes, it's important to select the right strain of rhizobia based on the plant species. There are three common inoculation methods: dry nodule method, fresh nodule method, and bacterial seed coating.
1. **Dry Nodule Method**: Roots from flowering legumes are washed, dried in a cool, dark place, and then ground into a powder and mixed with seeds before sowing.
2. **Fresh Nodule Method**: Rhizobia or ground roots are mixed with a small amount of water and combined with soil at 20–25°C for 3–5 days. The mixture is then used to coat the seeds.
3. **Bacterial Seed Coating**: A prepared rhizobial suspension is sprayed onto the seeds according to instructions. A standard ratio is 1 kg of seeds mixed with 5 grams of bacteria. After coating, avoid contact with lime or excessive fertilizer, as these can harm the rhizobia.
In addition, some grass seeds have appendages like awns or glumes that can interfere with processing. These should be removed using a thresher or a ring-shaped press to ensure smooth drying and cleaning.
For other forage grasses, such as those in the Polygonaceae and Compositae families, pre-soaking is often recommended. For example, pine cone seeds are soaked in 30°C water for 12 hours before sowing, while Rumex seeds are placed in cloth soaked in 40°C water for 6–8 hours. After drying, they are germinated for 15–20 hours at 25–28°C, and once about 70–80% of the embryos have broken, they can be broadcast directly. This ensures better germination rates and healthier seedlings.