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Jujube trees have three main types of buds: primary, secondary, and adventitious. The primary bud is located at the tip of a developing branch (known as the "Zaotou") and also on the lateral leaf buds. These primary buds are typically more vigorous, especially those found on the top of the main branches, which help form the tree’s structure or fruit-bearing branches. Secondary buds, which appear on the upper part of the development branch, can grow into new branches (secondary branches), while those lower down may develop into fruiting branches. Adventitious buds, on the other hand, are not predictable in their location or timing of growth. They usually emerge from wounds on the trunk or major branches and can develop into new shoots. These buds play a crucial role in renewal pruning and tree rejuvenation.
For young jujube trees, such as Lizao and Dongzao varieties, proper shaping is essential. These species are known for their strong growth and preference for sunlight. When planting, spacing should be adjusted based on density—around 155 plants per acre with a spacing of about 40 cm between them. Pruning during the early stages involves cutting back the top shoots, removing secondary branches, or shortening them by 1–2 nodes to encourage the development of strong structural branches. This helps stimulate the germination of primary buds, allowing for better stem and fruit branch formation. Young trees have high budding potential, so it's important to choose where to retain either stem or fruit branches.
Once the tree starts bearing fruit, pruning becomes critical for maintaining a well-structured canopy, ensuring even distribution of branches, good light penetration, and continuous development of fruiting branches. Unwanted branches such as competing, crossing, overly dense, weak, or diseased ones should be removed promptly. Drooping branches should be pruned, and in the first and second years, only 3–5 short secondary branches should be left to support fruiting. If backbone branches become weak or droop, they should be shortened to maintain an angle of 60–70 degrees.
Summer pruning complements winter pruning and helps shape the tree early, leading to higher quality and yield. Key summer practices include topping the jujube head to control excessive growth, wiping off unwanted shoots to save nutrients, thinning out dense clusters, pulling branches to adjust angles, and removing root suckers. Topping the jujube head during May to August, when it is still soft, encourages flower production and improves fruit set. Proper branch length (50–60 cm) promotes branching and thick growth, enhancing the tree’s overall structure.
To increase fruiting efficiency, several techniques are used. Jujube trees have a long flowering period but low natural fruit set, so artificial methods are vital. Ring cutting and girdling, done around the time of full bloom, help redirect nutrients to the flowers. Flowering jujube heads can be topped to improve fruit setting. Maintaining proper microclimate conditions through watering and misting during dry periods enhances pollination. Introducing bees for pollination, adjusting branch angles to over 70 degrees, and applying gibberellin and micronutrients like borax, zinc, and iron also support fruit development. Finally, fruit thinning after physiological fruiting ensures optimal fruit size and quality, with one fruit per cluster on strong trees and two to three on weaker ones.