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Cotton plants often suffer from various issues, primarily due to improper management and environmental factors. One of the main causes is the overuse of nitrogen fertilizer in the early growth stages. Excessive nitrogen can acidify the soil, which weakens the root system and reduces its ability to absorb nutrients. This can lead to root burn, especially when too much nitrogen is applied during the seedling phase, causing yellowing and stunted growth. In severe cases, the plants may show signs of wilting or even die. On the other hand, moderate overuse might not cause visible damage but could result in tall, leggy plants with fewer buds.
Heavy rainfall can also contribute to cotton problems. Prolonged rain increases the number of fruit branches and widens the spacing between buds, especially if there's an imbalance in nutrient supply. This can lead to uneven nutrient distribution, causing flower drop, yellowing leaves, and a reduction in boll production. Waterlogged conditions can further weaken the plants, making them more susceptible to diseases like yellow wilt and aphid infestations.
Pests and diseases are another major concern. For example, whiteflies can damage young leaves and buds, leading to leaf shedding and poor growth. These pests thrive in warm, humid conditions, often appearing in fields that are overly fertilized and lush. Another serious issue is yellow wilt disease, characterized by dwarfed plants, yellow spots on leaves, and stem discoloration. The roots may turn brown or black, eventually leading to plant death. Excess nitrogen in the soil, combined with high humidity, can worsen these symptoms.
To manage these problems effectively, scientific and balanced practices are essential. First, proper fertilizer management is key. During the seedling to budding stage (mid-June to late June), reduce nitrogen use and focus on slow-release calcium-magnesium-phosphorus-potassium and organic fertilizers, using 10–15% of the total fertilizer. During the flowering period (early June to early July), apply light and steady NPK fertilizer, accounting for 15–20%. From mid-July to early August, reapply NPK and organic fertilizers, making up about 60% of the total. Finally, during the boll-opening stage, adjust nitrogen application based on local conditions, using a special compound fertilizer with 5% nitrogen and 22–13% phosphorus and potassium.
Group prevention and control strategies should be implemented, including timely pesticide application based on pest forecasts. Targeted treatment at critical reproductive stages can significantly reduce pest damage.
Balanced fertilization is also crucial. A mix of 1–2% biological bacterial fertilizer, 50–60% organic fertilizer, 10–20% trace elements like calcium and magnesium, and 30–40% macronutrients (N, P, K) ensures a well-rounded nutrient supply. This approach prevents nutrient deficiencies, antagonistic effects, and diseases caused by over-fertilization.
For symptomatic treatment, a mixture of 300–500 times diluted K Germicidal Ling (10–15g) and 40g "Chu Wang" foliar solution can be sprayed on affected areas. Additionally, 600–700 times diluted 80% Dicofol (20g) mixed with 20g "Extremely Dynamic" multi-element fertilizer can be directly drip-irrigated into the roots. These methods are cost-effective, quick to apply, and highly effective in treating yellowing and blight, offering long-term results with minimal side effects.