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Jujube trees have three main types of buds: the primary, secondary, and adventitious buds. The primary bud is located at the tip of the developing branch (called "Zaotou") and on the lateral leaf buds. These buds are highly active and responsible for forming the tree's structure or fruit-bearing branches. Secondary buds develop along the upper part of the main branch and can grow into new branches, while those in the lower sections may form additional fruiting branches. Adventitious buds, on the other hand, emerge from wounds on the trunk or major branches and can develop into new shoots. They play a crucial role in renewal pruning and rejuvenation.
For young jujube trees, especially varieties like Lizao and Dongzao, shaping should be tailored to planting density. At around 155 plants per acre, sparse trunk structures are suitable. Trees are pruned to encourage the development of strong backbone branches and fruiting groups by cutting back the top shoots and selecting key nodes for growth. Young trees have vigorous primary buds, which can be used to either form main stems or fruiting branches depending on the desired structure.
Pruning mature jujube trees focuses on maintaining a well-structured canopy with even distribution of branches, good light penetration, and continuous development of fruiting branches. Unwanted branches such as competing, crossing, or weak ones should be removed to improve air circulation and reduce disease risk. When branches droop or weaken, they should be shortened and repositioned to maintain an angle of 60–70 degrees for optimal growth.
Summer pruning is essential for managing vigorous growth. Key techniques include topping the jujube head to control excessive growth and promote flowering, removing unwanted shoots to conserve energy, thinning dense clusters, adjusting branch angles, and eliminating root suckers. These practices help balance vegetative and reproductive growth, leading to better yields.
To ensure high productivity, artificial fruit thinning and proper pollination methods are vital. Techniques such as ring-barking, jujube head topping, improving field microclimate through misting, introducing bees for pollination, and using growth regulators like gibberellin and micronutrients enhance fruit set. Finally, thinning fruits after physiological drop helps achieve a balanced load and improves fruit quality.