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As the old saying goes, "In spring, Artemisia is planted, and in autumn, it's harvested when firewood is gathered." This proverb highlights the strict seasonal timing involved in harvesting Chinese medicinal herbs. Proper timing and method of collection are crucial for maintaining the quality, potency, and sustainability of these valuable resources. Below is an overview of the best practices for harvesting different types of traditional Chinese medicinal materials:
First, root and rhizome herbs should be collected during the plant’s dormant phase—typically after the leaves have fallen in autumn or before new growth begins in early spring. At this time, the roots store the highest concentration of active compounds. Examples include Codonopsis, Astragalus, Salvia, and Dang Shen. However, some herbs like Angelica and Chuan Xiong must be harvested before they flower to avoid losing their medicinal value. The timing varies by species; for example, Achyranthes bidentata can be harvested within a year, while ginseng may require 4–6 years. Harvesting is best done on sunny or overcast days, with moist soil allowing for easier excavation using tools or hands, ensuring the root bark remains intact.
Second, bark herbs are typically harvested in spring or early summer when sap flow is at its peak. This ensures the bark is rich in active ingredients and easier to peel. Species like Eucommia, Cinnamon, and Phellodendron are commonly harvested this way. The method involves either peeling the bark or making a ring cut to remove it without damaging the tree.
Third, root bark herbs are harvested along with the roots. After digging up the roots, the outer bark is separated from the core through beating or kneading. Examples include Paeonia suffruticosa and Polygala tenuifolia.
Fourth, flowers are collected at specific stages depending on the herb. Some, like Magnolia and Coltsfoot, are picked when buds are still closed, while others, such as Honeysuckle and Rose, are harvested when fully open. Chrysanthemum and Safflower are collected in full bloom. Care should be taken to pick on sunny days, avoiding direct sunlight post-harvest to prevent discoloration.
Fifth, whole-plant herbs are usually harvested when the plant is in full growth but before flowering. For instance, Motherwort and Andrographis are collected at this stage. However, some, like Artemisia annua, are better harvested before flowering, while others, such as Verbena, are collected after blooming. Certain plants, like Mint, can be harvested multiple times per season.
Sixth, leaf herbs are best collected when the leaves are lush and before they start to flower. Herbs like Daqingye and Perilla are harvested at this stage. A few, like Mulberry and Ginkgo leaves, are better picked after frost. Methods include picking, cutting, or hand-picking.
Seventh, fruit herbs are generally harvested when ripe, such as Gardenia and Coriander. Some, like Hawthorn, are picked after frost. Others, like Green Tangerine Peel, are harvested when unripe. Timing is critical to maintain quality, and methods vary between picking and cutting.
Eighth, seed herbs are collected when fully matured, such as Cassia seeds and Psoralea. Some, like Impatiens, must be harvested before pods split. Seeds with both fruit and seed used medicinally require careful processing, while others, like Apricot Kernels, need to be dried and shelled.
By following these guidelines, herbalists ensure the highest quality and potency of traditional Chinese medicines, preserving their efficacy and sustainability for future generations.