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In the early stages of cotton growth, it's common to encounter some abnormal seedlings, especially in nursery beds, where the likelihood of such issues is significantly higher compared to direct sowing. These malformed seedlings often fail to develop properly and may eventually die, leading to gaps in the field and reduced uniformity.
Common types of deformed seedlings include those with retained shells, where the cotyledons emerge but the seed coat remains attached. This usually happens when seeds are sown too shallowly, reducing the pressure needed for the shell to break free. This issue is more common in dry conditions or when seeds have not been properly cleaned. Stumpy seedlings occur when the radicle emerges and then grows upward instead of downward, forming a "negative root." This can happen due to uneven coverage of the seedbed or varying seed depths. Fat-footed seedlings appear when the cotyledons are small, but the stem swells, typically caused by deep sowing or excessive soil cover. Overwatering, poor light exposure, and rich nutrient conditions can also contribute to this problem. Shrink leaf seedlings are characterized by tightly curled cotyledons after emergence, often due to frost damage during the germination phase. Chicken claw seedlings feature misshapen cotyledons, usually caused by improper use of plant growth regulators. Root rot occurs when the roots become discolored and decayed, often due to overly wet soil or poor drainage. Lastly, linear and clustered seedlings result from over-sowing or overcrowding, leading to weak, tangled growth.
To prevent these issues, it's essential to ensure healthy seedling development, focusing on strong emergence (Miao Qi), good root development (Miao Lian), and robust growth (Miao Zhuang). When sowing, use coated seeds to improve germination rates and avoid using low-quality seeds. If using wool-covered seeds, soak them in warm water or ensure adequate moisture. Sow at a consistent depth—between 2 to 3 cm—and ensure even spacing. For spring planting, monitor temperature and soil conditions: aim for an average daily temperature of around 25°C, with a 5 cm soil temperature of 14–16°C, and soil moisture between 60% and 70%. Transplant seedlings carefully, avoiding unnecessary movement and ensuring they remain in the bed until ready. Finally, when applying herbicides or growth regulators, always follow instructions precisely and avoid increasing dosages without guidance.