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Insect virus-based pesticides are currently not able to completely replace conventional chemical pesticides, but they are expected to coexist with low-toxicity, high-efficiency, and low-residue chemical pesticides in agricultural production. This coexistence is considered a promising direction for the future of pesticide development.
According to available information, insect viruses are a group of viruses that specifically target insects. As a method of pest control in agriculture, forestry, and public health, they offer several unique advantages. They exhibit high host specificity, meaning they can effectively kill pests without harming beneficial organisms or natural enemies. Insect viruses also have a long-lasting effect, do not pollute the environment, and are safe for humans, livestock, and non-target species. These viruses naturally occur in the environment and have no reported toxic effects on aquatic life, birds, or mammals. Natural enemies such as grasshoppers, ladybugs, wasps, and parasitoids are also unaffected, making them highly safe.
Insect virus formulations can be applied using existing agricultural spraying equipment, which makes their integration into current farming practices relatively straightforward. Due to these characteristics, insect virus insecticides are seen as one of the most promising microbial pesticides of the 21st century.
However, despite the many benefits of biopesticides, they are unlikely to dominate the market or fully replace chemical pesticides in the near future. Several challenges hinder their widespread adoption. For instance, the production scale of biopesticides is often limited, and their effectiveness may not be as rapid as that of chemical alternatives. Additionally, the research and development process requires significant investment in testing product mechanisms, toxicology, and environmental behavior. While there are many promising semi-finished products, only a few reach commercial success. The technology and design provided by research institutions are still not fully mature or well-supported, leading to difficulties in production, quality control, and scalability.
Moreover, farmers often lack proper guidance on how to use biopesticides correctly. Improper storage or application can reduce their effectiveness. Compared to chemical pesticides, biopesticides tend to be more expensive, and consumer acceptance remains a challenge.
Globally, insect virus insecticides have been widely used, with countries like the United States, the UK, France, Russia, Brazil, Japan, and India reporting extensive applications. Over 40 types of insect virus-based pesticides are currently registered, produced, and in use worldwide. Yin Yinong has suggested that relevant authorities should increase funding for R&D, especially for original biopesticide innovations. Furthermore, large-scale and targeted promotion of biopesticides across the country is needed so that farmers can better understand and apply these products effectively.