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In winter, fruit trees and plants enter a dormant phase, making it an ideal time to manage pests and diseases. This period allows for effective control measures that can significantly reduce the risk of infestations in the following growing season. To support farmers, the provincial plant protection station has recently released guidelines on pest control for apple, pear, and citrus trees, emphasizing the importance of winter management.
First, orchard sanitation is crucial. Farmers should remove all diseased or infested branches, fallen fruits, and weeds around the trees. Litter, old fruits, and unwanted vegetation should be collected and destroyed through burning. This helps eliminate breeding grounds for pests and pathogens.
Second, deep soil cultivation is recommended. Before the ground freezes, farmers can till the soil under the tree canopy to a depth of 20–30 cm. This disrupts the overwintering sites of pests and improves soil structure. For citrus orchards, this process can be combined with lime application to adjust soil pH, enhance soil quality, and kill larvae such as fruit flies and root maggots. In pear orchards, tilling can also help bring pests to the surface where they can be eaten by birds or freeze to death.
Third, bark scraping is an effective technique for managing pests. In apple orchards, farmers can scrape off rough bark near the base of the tree during dormancy to remove overwintering pests like codling moths, spider mites, and leaf rollers. Any signs of disease should be scraped away and treated with a solution of 45% chlorothalonil or 843 recovery agent. The removed bark should be burned to prevent reinfestation. After scraping, the tree trunks should be painted white to protect against sunscald and frost damage.
For pears, similar methods apply. Old bark should be carefully removed using a scraper or file knife without damaging the tender inner bark. This destroys overwintering sites for pests like pear caterpillars and whiteflies. Infested branches and buds should also be pruned and destroyed.
White washing is another important practice. Apple and pear growers can paint the main trunks and branches with a white lime wash before the ground freezes. The mixture typically includes 10 parts quicklime, 2 parts sulfur, 2 parts salt, 2 parts clay, and 40 parts water. This not only protects the trees from sunburn and frost but also helps eliminate overwintering pests like aphids and spider mites.
In citrus orchards, young trees benefit from whitening and mulching. Tree trunks are painted white, and straw or plastic covers are placed around the base to reduce heat radiation and prevent resin disease. A suitable whitewash formula includes 30 kg lime, 2–3 kg sulfur powder, 0.5 kg salt, a little vegetable oil, and 100 kg water.
Lastly, spraying is an essential step. In apple and pear orchards, farmers can spray 1–2 applications of 5% diesel emulsion or 5° Brix lime sulfur to target overwintering pests like scale insects and mites. In citrus orchards, a 1° Brix lime sulfur or 50–100 times oil emulsion can be applied before harvest and bud break to control mites and some fungal pathogens. For severe infestations, 40% methomyl EC diluted at 800 times or a rosin mixture may be used. If trunk rot or gum disease is detected, the affected area should be cleaned to the xylem and treated with a 200-times solution of thiophanate-methyl or carbendazim, followed by a coat of tung oil to seal the wound.