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Pig dung balls are a common issue among farmers, and understanding the underlying causes is essential for effective management. There are multiple factors that can lead to this condition, and addressing them properly can significantly improve pig health and productivity.
Firstly, the texture of the feed plays a crucial role. If the feed is too coarse, it can cause digestive problems. For example, in piglet feed, the particle size should be around 2.2–3.0 mm, with at least 99% passing through a 2.8 mm sieve. Whole grains should be avoided as they are harder to digest and may contribute to constipation.
Secondly, the crude fiber content in the feed is also important. For weaned pigs, the crude fiber level should be kept below 5%, while for piglets, it should not exceed 8%. Farmers often add ingredients like soybean meal, fishmeal, or corn, which are high in protein and low in fiber, making them easier to digest. However, some farms still use bran and other roughage-heavy materials, which can increase the risk of digestive issues and reduce reproductive performance in sows.
Thirdly, water intake is critical. Pigs require sufficient clean water to maintain good health and digestion. Water comes from three main sources: drinking water, moisture in feed, and metabolic water produced by the body. Young pigs need more water due to their high water content, so ensuring adequate hydration is especially important for piglets. During the first week of life, a piglet requires about 190 grams of water per kilogram of body weight, including the water from milk. For artificially raised pigs, the water-to-feed ratio should be around 1.5–2:1, and an adult pig weighing 90 kg needs about 6 liters of water daily. In cases of diarrhea, extra water is needed to prevent dehydration, and adding products like "Shubu Kang" can help protect the gut lining.
Fourthly, overfeeding combined with insufficient water can lead to digestive problems. Weaning is a sensitive period, and proper feeding strategies are necessary to ease the transition. Reducing milk supply before weaning, encouraging early feeding, and gradually introducing new feed can help minimize stress. After weaning, feed intake should be controlled, and supplements such as antibiotics, vitamins, and amino acids can support the pigs’ recovery. The weaning period should ideally last 3–5 days, with gradual increases in feed quantity.
Fifthly, some pigs may eat soil, gravel, or other non-nutritive substances, often due to poor-quality feed or nutritional deficiencies. This behavior can be identified through sensory checks, burning tests, or flow separation methods. High-quality fishmeal, for instance, should have a consistent color, visible muscle fibers, and a salty smell. When burned, it leaves minimal residue, while lower-quality products may contain impurities like sand or stones.
Lastly, certain diseases, such as fever or infectious conditions like Eperythrozoonosis (also known as "no-name fever"), can lead to secondary constipation. These conditions must be monitored closely and treated promptly to avoid long-term complications.
In conclusion, the causes of pig dung balls are varied and complex. A comprehensive approach involving proper nutrition, adequate water supply, disease prevention, and careful management is essential. Establishing a strong biosecurity system on the farm is key to preventing infectious diseases and maintaining healthy, productive pigs.