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Winter weather can be extremely harsh, especially in northern China, where the temperature fluctuates significantly between day and night. This leads to greater heat loss from sheep bodies, and the available forage is often dry and low in nutritional value. At this time, most ewes are pregnant, making their nutrient requirements higher than usual. If feeding practices are not properly managed, sheep may experience weight loss, which can negatively affect their health and productivity. To ensure safe wintering for sheep, the following measures should be taken:
First, before entering the winter period, it's important to sort the flock based on age, sex, and physical condition. Grouping sheep with similar body types helps ensure more efficient feeding and care. Weaker sheep should be grazed closer to shelter, while stronger ones can travel further. During the fall, animals that are sick, underweight, old, or unproductive should be culled to reduce the burden on resources.
Second, maintaining a warm environment is crucial. Sheep require more energy during cold weather, so it's essential to prepare shelters by repairing any leaks or gaps. Hanging curtains at entrances and vents can help block cold drafts and prevent heat loss. Proper insulation ensures the flock remains comfortable throughout the season.
Third, moderate grazing is key during winter. Except during blizzards, sheep should graze daily. In early winter, when some vegetation is still available, grazing should be increased. Pregnant ewes, in particular, need proper exercise and nutrition. Choose sheltered areas with good access to water and avoid windy spots. Grazing should start early in the morning and end before the wind picks up. As snow increases and temperatures drop, grazing should be reduced, and exercise should be limited, especially for older or weaker sheep.
Fourth, relying solely on pasture is often insufficient during winter. Nutritional deficiencies typically appear in late November, and lambs begin to shed their coats in December. Therefore, supplementary feeding must begin promptly. If sheep cannot keep up with grazing, they should be given additional feed. A common method is to combine grazing with supplemental feeding, allowing sheep to rest while still meeting their nutritional needs. Hay, grains like peanuts and soybeans, and silage can all be used as supplements. An adult sheep might receive 0.5–1 kg of hay or 1–2 kg of silage daily. For larger flocks, feeding methods like hanging baskets or tying grass at an accessible height can be effective. Concentrates made from flour, corn meal, bran, or bean cake should also be provided, with about 0.2–0.3 kg per adult daily. Special attention should be given to pregnant ewes, rams, and lambs, who may need extra vitamins and minerals.
Fifth, ensuring clean and warm drinking water is vital. Water should be offered twice a day—once in the afternoon and again in the evening. The water temperature should be around 25°C to avoid shocking the sheep. Cold or icy water should be avoided.
Sixth, maintaining hygiene and preventing disease is critical. Regular cleaning of the sheep house, bedding, feed, and water sources helps prevent illness. Disinfecting the area weekly is recommended. With weakened immunity in winter, diseases can spread quickly. Vaccinations and deworming should be done in late autumn and early winter to protect the flock. Insect repellents like trichlorfon and dichlorvos can also help control parasites.
Finally, protecting pregnant sheep is essential. Most ewes are carrying young, so careful handling is needed. Avoid overcrowding, collisions, and sharp objects near the entrance. During grazing, ensure the ground is not slippery, and avoid steep slopes or icy paths. Keep the flock calm and avoid sudden movements to prevent stress and potential miscarriages. Managing the flock carefully ensures safer and smoother births.
By implementing these strategies, farmers can better support their sheep through the challenging winter months, promoting health, productivity, and survival.