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Flammulina velutipes, commonly known as the golden needle mushroom, is a highly valued edible fungus renowned for its crisp texture, tender flesh, and rich nutritional content. It is widely cultivated in China and particularly suited for northern regions due to its preference for cooler temperatures. Traditional cultivation methods often involved fruiting planting in open spaces, which was inefficient and did not optimize space or yield. Modern bag cultivation has significantly improved efficiency, output, and cost-effectiveness.
In bag cultivation, plastic bags serve as containers for growing media. This method includes several key steps: mixing the substrate, filling the bags, sterilization, inoculation, and incubation. The sterilization process, also referred to as "bacterial bag culture," is crucial for preventing contamination. Different types of plastic bags are used depending on the sterilization method. For example, high-pressure steam sterilization requires polypropylene bags, while atmospheric pressure sterilization can use low-pressure polyethylene bags. A standard bag measures 17 cm wide by 35 cm long.
The most common substrate formula consists of 89% cottonseed hulls, 10% bran, and 1% gypsum or calcium carbonate, with a water-to-substrate ratio of 1:1.4 to 1.5. After thorough mixing, the material is formed into small clumps. An alternative formula for corncob-based substrates includes 73% corncobs, 25% bran, 1% gypsum, and 1% sucrose, with the same water ratio. Each bag typically contains 300–500 grams of substrate.
Once filled, the bags are placed in a steamer and heated to 100°C for 8–10 hours to ensure complete sterilization. After cooling, the bags are inoculated under sterile conditions using a flame lamp to sterilize the original strain or cultivar. The bag ends are opened, and the culture is introduced, then sealed with a rope to maintain aseptic conditions throughout the process.
Flammulina velutipes thrives in low-oxygen environments, so it is usually cultivated in closed bags. Mycelial growth occurs best at 23–25°C, and the temperature inside the bags is typically about 2°C higher than the ambient room temperature. To maintain stable conditions, mushroom houses—either built above ground or partially underground—are used. These structures help regulate temperature and humidity effectively.
A typical gully mushroom house is constructed with soil, which acts as a natural insulator, helping to maintain consistent temperatures. The structure is covered with plastic sheets and crop stalks, and vents are installed for air circulation. Inside, bed frames are arranged in three rows, each 4 meters wide and 2 meters high, with bamboo rafts layered five times, spaced 40 cm apart. Each layer can hold four layers of bags, and regular disinfection is essential before use.
Before starting, the mushroom house must be disinfected using agents like lime, Lysol, or bleaching powder. During the mycelium growth phase, the temperature should be kept around 23–25°C, with additional heating in winter if needed. Humidity should remain at about 60%, and proper ventilation is critical to prevent bacterial growth.
After 10–15 days of inoculation, the mycelium begins to grow slowly. At this stage, oxygen levels inside the bag are sufficient. However, when the mycelium reaches about 5 cm, its metabolic activity increases, requiring more oxygen. At this point, the bag ends should be opened to improve airflow. Every 10 days, the bags should be rotated between upper and lower layers to ensure even growth. When the mycelium covers the entire bag, the mouth should be left open to encourage fruiting.
The transition from mycelium to fruiting bodies takes about two months after inoculation. Once the mushrooms begin to form, the temperature should be lowered to 10–12°C to promote optimal growth. The relative humidity should remain at 60%. If humidity is low, water can be sprayed on the floor but not directly on the mushrooms to avoid rot. Good ventilation is essential during the fruiting stage, along with careful control of temperature, humidity, and carbon dioxide levels.
Poor management can lead to abnormal mushroom development, such as small caps (called "needle mushrooms") caused by excessive COâ‚‚, or overly elongated stems due to too much ventilation. Healthy mushrooms have a stipe longer than 10 cm and a cap diameter of 1 cm. When harvesting, gently grasp the base of the mushroom and pull it out without damaging the bag. After harvest, the mushrooms should be cut at the base and stored in a cool, dark place for transport. Fresh mushrooms can also be boiled in an aluminum pot and preserved with salt for longer storage.