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The economic value of the toad, often referred to as "the king of medicinal ingredients," is well recognized. The milky white fluid secreted from the glands behind its ears and on its skin—commonly known as "toad oil" or "toad kernels"—is a highly prized component in traditional Chinese medicine. After removing the internal organs, the dried body can be processed into a valuable herbal remedy. In recent years, farmers in southern regions have developed techniques for harvesting this substance, which has become an expensive and sought-after ingredient. As a result, raising toads has become a cost-effective and profitable venture for families, offering great potential in the agricultural sector.
First, the breeding environment: Toads can be raised in ponds, ditches, or rice fields, provided that the water is clean and drainage is easy. The pond should have some vegetation to provide shelter, with a moderate depth and still water. A one-meter-high wall or nylon net should surround the area to prevent escape. Inside the farm, there should be separate areas for breeding, spawning, and hatching. Black light traps are used to attract prey, ensuring a steady food supply for the toads.
Breeding methods involve capturing wild toads during summer, autumn, and evenings when they are active. Before and after the Qingming Festival, when temperatures rise, healthy individuals with strong bodies and no injuries are selected for breeding. A balanced ratio of males to females ensures a high fertilization rate, up to 90%. Spawning occurs at temperatures between 12–16°C, while hatching takes place best at 18–24°C. Eggs hatch within 3–4 days, and during this time, water quality and lighting should be carefully managed. Dark black eggs help absorb sunlight, so in cooler spring months, direct light is not necessary, but shading is needed in midsummer to avoid overheating.
Feeding toad larvae requires shallow water (about half a meter deep) with a temperature range of 16–28°C. Water must be clean and unpolluted. Newly hatched toads begin feeding within 2–3 days, starting with the egg membrane, then moving on to animal debris and plankton. Feeding can include pig manure, human urine, wheat bran, vegetables, and kitchen waste, twice daily. Stocking density starts at 2,000–4,000 eggs per square meter initially, reducing to 200 per square meter after one month. As the toads grow, they are sorted based on size and reared accordingly. After two months, the pupae develop into frogs.
Frog management involves stocking at 50–100 frogs per square meter. Their diet mainly consists of snails, ants, aphids, and mosquitoes. Frogs grow quickly and consume large amounts of food. To ensure a steady food supply, you can use fluorescent lights to attract insects, or place organic waste like garbage, pig dung, and human urine in the pond to raise fly larvae. This provides a natural and sustainable food source.
Artificial toad farming should avoid the use of lime, pesticides, chemical fertilizers, and toxic substances. The environment should remain quiet, and during winter, the water level in the pond should be maintained high to prevent freezing. It's also important to protect against predators such as snakes, birds, and other animals that might harm the toads.
Second, the processing technology:
1. Harvesting: Artificial breeding allows for controlled collection of the toad’s secretions.
2. Harvesting and processing of toad glue: The process can be done throughout the year, but the best season is from early summer to autumn. First, rinse the surface of the toad’s body to remove soil. Once dry, secure the toad by pinning its four legs onto a wooden board or holding it with the head down. Use a bamboo clamp to gently press the ear glands, back sacs, and hind legs to extract the white fluid. Collect the liquid in a glass container, filter out impurities, and strain the slurry through a sieve onto a glass plate. Dry the material thoroughly before storage.
Toad secretions are toxic, so care must be taken to avoid contact with eyes. If eye irritation occurs, wash with comfrey juice to reduce swelling.