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Pigs often experience the issue of passing dry, hard fecal balls, which can be a concern for farmers. This problem is commonly caused by several factors, and understanding them can help improve pig health and productivity.
First, the texture of the feed plays a significant role. If the feed is too coarse, it can lead to digestive issues. For example, in piglet diets, the particle size should ideally be between 2.2 mm and 3.0 mm, with 99% of the material passing through a 2.8 mm sieve. Whole grains should be avoided, as they are harder to digest and may contribute to constipation.
Second, the crude fiber content in the feed is important. High-suckling pig diets should have less than 5% crude fiber, while weaned pigs should not exceed 8%. Farmers should avoid using ingredients like bran or rice husks, which are high in fiber and difficult to digest. Instead, high-quality protein sources such as fish meal, soybean meal, and corn should be used to improve digestion and overall performance.
Third, water intake is crucial. Pigs require adequate hydration, as water comes from three main sources: drinking water, moisture in feed, and metabolic water produced during digestion. Young pigs, especially, need more water due to their high water content. A 1- to 2-day-old piglet should start drinking water, and in the first week, it needs about 190g of water per kg of body weight, including the water from milk. Artificially fed pigs should have a 1.5–2:1 ratio of water to feed. When pigs suffer from diarrhea, dehydration is a serious risk, so extra water and supplements like "Shubu Kang" can help protect the gut lining.
Fourth, overfeeding combined with insufficient water can also cause constipation. Weaned pigs should gradually adapt to new feed, and feeding practices should be adjusted to reduce stress. It's important to limit the amount of feed given at once and ensure that pigs have access to clean, fresh water at all times.
Fifth, some pigs may eat soil, gravel, or other non-food items, which can be a sign of poor feed quality or nutritional deficiencies. For instance, if fish meal is scarce or of low quality, farmers might use inferior substitutes. To identify genuine fish meal, look for a consistent color, visible muscle fibers, and a salty smell. Burning a small sample can reveal impurities like gravel, and a simple water test can separate organic material from foreign substances.
Lastly, certain diseases, such as fever or infectious conditions like Eperythrozoonosis (also known as "no-name fever"), can lead to secondary constipation. Therefore, maintaining good hygiene and implementing a strong disease prevention system on the farm is essential.
In conclusion, multiple factors can contribute to pig feces being hard and dry. Addressing these issues through proper feeding, hydration, and health management is key to ensuring the well-being of the herd.