(a) Examine the milk to determine if it was manually expressed. A pregnant cow will produce milk that is yellowish in color, soft in texture, and does not flow easily. If the milk is white and flows naturally, it likely comes from a non-pregnant cow. (b) Observe the udder for signs of swelling. In a pregnant cow, the teats will be firm and erect. If the udder is not swollen and the teats are soft or not upright, the cow is probably not pregnant. (c) Check the cow's eye for visible blood vessels on the iris. A pregnant cow often shows prominent vertical blood vessels, which appear as purple-red lines across the surface of the iris. These are known as "pregnancy blood vessels" and are more pronounced in pregnant animals. (d) Inspect the mouth by opening it and looking at the sublingual area. If the tissue under the tongue is bright red, the cow is likely pregnant. If it appears pink or pale, the cow is probably not pregnant. (e) Apply gentle pressure to the left side of the cow’s abdomen. Stand on the left side of the cow facing its rear. Support the cow’s back with your left hand while using your right hand to gently press on the left flank. If you feel movement or a sensation of something hitting your hand, it may indicate pregnancy. (f) Perform an alcohol test. Take 100 ml of fresh milk from the cow and place it in a clean glass container. Add 1 ml of 95% medical-grade alcohol and mix thoroughly. Within 5 minutes, if the milk clumps or forms curds, it indicates the cow is pregnant. If no reaction occurs within 5 minutes but agglutination happens after 30 minutes, the cow is not pregnant. (g) Observe the tail behavior. A pregnant cow typically does not move its tail much. If the tail covers the vulva and swings to one side, it may be a sign of pregnancy. However, if the tail remains vertically upright and covers the middle, it usually means the cow is not pregnant. These methods can help farmers and animal caretakers identify whether a cow is pregnant without the need for advanced technology. While some techniques are based on traditional knowledge, they can still provide useful indicators when used together. Always combine these observations with other reliable methods for better accuracy.

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