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Watermelon has specific reproductive characteristics and requires certain environmental conditions to thrive. It prefers warm, dry, and sunny weather. The ideal temperature for seedlings is between 20-25°C, while flowering and pollination occur best at 25°C. During the fruit development stage, temperatures should be below 30°C, with nighttime temperatures not dropping below 22°C. Watermelons are not frost-resistant and grow poorly in cold conditions. Their roots are sensitive to both drought and excessive moisture, and cloudy or rainy weather can negatively affect pollination. Therefore, it's best to avoid planting during low-temperature or rainy seasons. Watermelons grow well in loose, well-drained sandy loam soil with high organic matter content and a pH level between 5.0 and 7.0.
Planting methods are crucial for successful growth. Dig a hole of appropriate depth and width, place the healthy seedling’s nursery bag into the hole, and carefully remove the plastic. Fill the hole with soil and water thoroughly. Be careful not to plant too deep, as this may lead to root rot.
For dwarfing, two main techniques are used: the pull-down method and the tripping method. The pull-down method is suitable for rainy seasons and poorly drained areas. The seedling’s main stem is laid at a 45-degree angle. The tripping method involves bending the plant at 30-40 cm height and securing it with a rope after digging around the lateral roots. This method, though slightly delaying flowering, improves fruit quality and yield, especially when the soil is moist from rain or irrigation.
Fertilization is divided into three types: organic, chemical, and foliar. Organic fertilizer application includes 350 kg of chicken manure per acre, along with calcium, magnesium, and phosphate fertilizer, plus 50 kg of lime after decomposition. A small amount of borax is added as base fertilizer. Later applications include 350 kg of organic fertilizer every three and six months after planting. Chemical fertilizers should be applied every 15 days, with topdressing done once every 15-20 days. Foliar sprays should be used according to the plant's growth stage, with a small amount of borax added during flowering.
Pesticide use must be handled carefully, as papaya is sensitive to chemicals. Insecticides should be sprayed after 15-20 days of planting, and severe infestations require immediate treatment. Common pests include ringspot virus, anthracnose, phytophthora, powdery mildew, root rot, damping-off, fruit rot, and mites. Each disease has its own prevention and control methods, such as using net rooms, resistant varieties, removing infected plants, and applying appropriate fungicides or insecticides.
Diseases like ringspot virus cause yellowing leaves, stunted growth, and poor fruit quality. Anthracnose affects fruits and stems, causing brown spots that eventually lead to decay. Phytophthora causes blackened, shriveled fruits, while powdery mildew appears as white spots on leaves. Root rot and damping-off are common in wet conditions, and proper drainage is essential. Mites can be controlled with natural predators or chemical sprays.
In summary, growing watermelon requires attention to climate, soil, planting techniques, fertilization, and pest management. With proper care, watermelon plants can produce high-quality fruits efficiently.