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Photosynthetic bacteria play a significant role in aquaculture due to their unique ability to perform photosynthesis under anaerobic conditions. These microorganisms contain photosynthetic pigments and contribute to disease resistance and immune system enhancement in aquatic animals. When applied at a dose of 5 ml per kilogram, they can effectively control bacterial infections and prevent diseases such as fish rot and mouth rot. In addition, they serve as probiotics that help regulate harmful bacteria in the gut flora, promoting better digestion and overall health.
Chelated copper is another valuable tool in aquaculture, offering a safer alternative to traditional copper sulfate for controlling algae and unwanted plant growth. Unlike copper sulfate, which can be toxic to aquatic species like shrimp and crabs, chelated copper is less harmful. Safe concentrations vary depending on the species, with small goldfish requiring up to 12.5 mg/L, juvenile shrimp at 10 mg/L, and crab juveniles at 6.5 mg/L. It is recommended to use the treatment for one week, ensuring regular aeration and partial water changes after seven days. Adding 10–20 mg/L of photosynthetic bacteria during this period can further improve water quality.
Betaine is widely used in aquaculture to enhance feed palatability and stimulate feeding behavior. Studies show that adding 0.3% to 1% betaine to fish feed significantly improves growth rates and reduces feeding time. For tilapia, adding 0.3% betaine to the diet has been shown to boost growth and reduce feed conversion by 3% to 7.2%. Japanese researchers found that using 1.5% to 2.5% betaine in feed can strongly stimulate taste receptors, encouraging fish to eat more efficiently and reducing waste by preventing feed from sinking to the bottom.
Extruded compound feed has gained popularity in aquaculture due to its improved digestibility and stability in water. The extrusion process enhances starch utilization and allows for the production of floating or sinking pellets based on the species' needs. In China, extruded feeds are increasingly used in raising crucian carp, frogs, and squid. Their application in catfish, tilapia, and grass carp is also growing, and they are showing promising results in marine aquaculture as well.
Spirulina is commonly used in aquaculture as a natural feed supplement. Whether in live form, algal flour, or as an ingredient in granular feed, it helps improve growth, immunity, and survival rates of aquatic organisms. Spirulina’s benefits include enhancing body color and preventing water pollution due to its slow sinking and non-agglutinating properties. It is typically added at 0.5% to 3% in shrimp feed, 1% to 2% in larval diets, and 1% to 3% in quail feed.
Glycosides, naturally occurring bioactive compounds, are used in aquaculture to replace antibiotics. Containing sugars, glycosides, and organic acids, they support immune function and disease resistance without leaving harmful residues. At a concentration of 200–500 mg/L, they improve daily weight gain, feed conversion, and stress resistance while helping prevent intestinal bacterial diseases. This makes them a sustainable and effective alternative in modern aquaculture practices. (Huang Shaolin)