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Successfully transformed cells
According to a study published in Nature recently, scientists have activated three dormant genes that control cell variability. Within ten days, pancreatic cells stop their normal function - producing enzymes to promote food digestion. Instead, they begin to produce insulin-regulating blood sugar like beta cells. This process is like loading a new operating system and upgrading your PC to a Mac.
Doug Melton, co-author of the study and co-director of the Harvard Stem Cell Institute, said the method could also be used to produce motor neuron cells to cure amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ( Amyotrophic laterals clerosis), or for heart disease patients to produce cardiomyocytes - in short, it can produce a variety of key cells to repair the body damage caused by a variety of diseases.
According to Melton, researchers can successfully switch the state of the cells, and as long as the adjacent cells remain healthy, they can repair the damaged cells. The technology has been successful in laboratory mice, but it takes two to three years to apply it to humans. The reason is that using this technique to treat other diseases other than diabetes requires a series of cumbersome procedures: first, find the right combination of key genes, and then study the good solution to start them.
This process, the so-called "direct reprogramming", relies on the fact that all cells contain a complete set of DNA genes. During the growth of the cell, an unknown process leads to the opening and closing of different genes, resulting in various cells such as muscle fibers, neurons, and cardiomyocytes. When a cell is destroyed, it is not easy to fill in the gaps left by them.
New technology evades ethical disputes
Despite this, Patricia Kilian, head of regenerative treatment research at the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation, believes the technology evades some complex ethical issues that were previously Embryonic stem cell research is highly controversial.
Over the past decade, scientists have been working on finding solutions to endangered diseases in stem cells because they naturally generate new tissue and are implanted in the patient's body. Among them, embryonic liver cells are especially important. It only grows into any kind of cell, given the right chemical stimuli - even though the mystery is still unsolvable. The reason why embryonic stem cell research is controversial is that they come from mature embryos that have been damaged in the middle.
In recent months, researchers have discovered a new alternative: simply activate four genes that are active in the early stages of cell formation to return adult cells to the embryonic state. And Harvard scientists are thinking about whether you can find a shortcut that allows cells to transform directly between different species rather than returning to the embryonic state. They chose one of the focuses in the field of stem cell research - diabetes.
People with type 1 diabetes require new beta cells to produce insulin because their original beta cells have been destroyed by the immune system. Insulin is essential for the metabolism of sugar, otherwise the patient must measure blood glucose levels every few hours and inject five times a day. When deciding to adopt "genetic direct recombination," Melton's team locked in nine key genes that are more active in mature beta cells and their close relatives. Researchers used specific proteins, the so-called transcription factors, to initiate or shut down genes, and they tried every possible combination to determine the necessary conditions for the production of insulin cells. Researcher Zui finally discovered that the three crucial gene combinations can be activated by the proteins Ngn3, Pdx1 and Mafa. Later, they injected a virus that specifically infects the pancreatic exocrine cells into the body of the mouse, and the protein carried by the virus just started the latent gene.
After three days, these cells began to produce small amounts of insulin. Ten days later, 20% of the exocrine cells lost their original cobblestone shape and showed a spindle-like shape similar to β cells. According to the experimental report, their insulin production mechanism is basically the same as that of normal β cells. To test its healing power, the researchers removed beta cells from dozens of mice and developed type 1 diabetes. As long as the above three proteins are injected, the fasting blood glucose level of the subjects will be significantly improved, far more than the other group taking the placebo.
Studies have shown that genetic transformation is faster and more effective than stem cell therapy. Even the reserved Kryan praised the study as "obtrusive" and "surprising": the immune system does not cause rejection because cell xenografts are not required. In addition, according to Konrad Hochedlinger, a scientist at the Harvard Stem Cell Institute, immature stem cells are at risk of cancer, so genetic transformation technology is safer. He said that more "direct recombination of genes" aimed at curing diseases and repairing injuries is worth looking forward to. But the researcher's first priority is to accurately define the combination of protein, tissue and genes for different conditions.
Stem cell transplantation will no longer be the only option for curing incurable diseases, and Harvard's genetic research offers more options for the treatment of various diseases. A few days ago, Harvard scientists injected specific proteins directly into mice with diabetes, successfully converting ordinary pancreatic cells into insulin-producing beta cells—meaning that medical staff could use genetic transformation technology in the future. In order to repair the damage or regenerate healthy tissue, cure the incurable diseases.
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