Learning to master the biological characteristics of Scutellaria baicalensis is the basis and basis for the research and implementation of corresponding breeding techniques. It is necessary to give a general introduction to the biological characteristics of Scutellaria baicalensis before it specifically relates to breeding techniques.
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Section 1 Morphological Features
1. What are the characteristics of Huang Biao's external form?
The eel is slender, with a cylindrical shape in the anterior segment, a laterally posterior segment, a tapering tail, and a serpentine appearance. Compared with the general fish, Astragalus membranaceus has no scales and is a scaleless fish. Do not see the dorsal and anal fins, and there are no pectoral and pelvic fins. Huang Huang is a big head with small eyes. Defectively degraded. Body color is yellow, brownish yellow, greenish yellow, greenish brown, brownish red, muddy yellow and so on. Some bodies are covered with black spots of different sizes. Their body colors are different due to different living environments. Abdominal color is pale. When swimming, it mainly depends on the musculoskeletal muscles to stretch and make a wave-type swim. Astragalus long jaw, deep cracks, can eat larger foods.
2. What are the main features of Huang's internal structure?
Astragalus has only one vertebral body and no intermuscular puncture. Peritoneal brownish black. The intestines are short, no discs, shorter than body length, and have similar characteristics of carnivorous fish. There is a narrowing of the midgut, which divides the intestines into the foregut and hindgut. The body is free of lice (ie fish blister), so jaundice cannot stay in any water layer like any other fish. The eel's larynx, oropharyngeal cavity, and skin all have respiratory function and can directly breathe natural air, so they can leave the water for a long time without dying. The eel's cocoon is very short. When the water temperature is high in the summer and the metabolism of the eel is high, the eel always sticks its head out of the water, inhales the air and relies on the oropharyngeal cavity for direct breathing. When the eel is cold and hibernates in winter, it mainly depends on it. The skin breathes weakly. The heart of Astragalus is farther from the head, about 5 cm behind the hernia.
Section II Habits
3. What is the geographical distribution of Astragalus?
Astragalus is a subtropical fish widely distributed in eastern and southern Asia, China, North Korea, Japan, Thailand, Vietnam, Midian, Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philippines. In addition to the Qinghai-Tibet plateau, all water systems in China are produced. However, in the Yangtze River basin, Sichuan, Hunan, Hubei, Jiangxi, Anhui, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Shanghai, and Pearl River basins have the most abundant resources in Guangdong and Guangxi. However, due to its high nutritional, medicinal, and development and utilization value, it has been in short supply in both domestic and foreign markets, and has been artificially captured in large quantities in various production areas. Some areas have even developed the use of highly toxic pesticides for devastating capture. Pesticides have reduced the wild resources of the Chinese wolfberry from 6 kg per mu in the 1960s to less than 0.5 kg per mu. At present, there are a certain number of distributions in Sichuan, Hunan, and Hubei in China. The wild yellow locust resources in other regions have been destroyed. According to the experts of the Jiangsu Freshwater Research Institute, it is predicted that 4-5 years of wild A. sinensis resources may be followed by wild turtles, crabs, squid, squid, etc. Wild resources are scarce and can only rely mainly on artificial breeding.
4. What is the temperature requirement for Astragalus?
Astragalus is a cold-blooded, temperature-changing animal whose body temperature changes with changes in ambient temperature. The water temperature suitable for the survival of Astragalus is 1-32°C, the water temperature suitable for Astragalus is 15-30°C, and the optimum water temperature for Astragalus is 21-28°C. At this time, the feeding activity is strong and the growth is rapid. When the water temperature is lower than 15°C, the food intake of Astragalus membranaceus significantly decreases. When the water temperature is lower than 10°C, feeding is stopped, and as the temperature decreases, it enters a hibernation state. When the water temperature exceeds 30°C, Astragalus acts unresponsively, feeding stops, and long-term high or low temperature may even cause the death of Astragalus. Astragalus has its own habit of selecting the appropriate temperature zone. When the inhabited water temperature is not suitable, Huanghua will automatically find a suitable area. When a suitable water temperature environment cannot be found for a long time, it will cause the physiological function of Astragalus to be disturbed, and the disease will be induced. death. At high temperatures, jaundice frequently blows out of the water to breathe air. Therefore, when the surface temperature is too high (above 32°C), it will also have adverse effects on the normal breathing of the jaundice. In addition, Astragalus is also very sensitive to the sudden changes in water temperature, so in the artificial breeding, if the water temperature is not properly regulated, it often leads to jaundice suffering from a cold.
5. Do Huang Huang need light?
Nocturnal eclipse is one of the inhabiting characteristics of Astragalus membranaceus. This feature is conducive to evading predators and it is also a need for its own protection. According to the experiment, the Astragalus membranaceus was placed in a pool without the slightest shade, while keeping the water temperature constant. After a few days of continuous observation, there was no abnormality in the eating activity of the Astragalus membranaceus. However, after continuous light for more than 10 days, the Astragalus showed irritability and agitation. The pool angle was reversed and the incidence rate rose rapidly. This shows that the ultraviolet rays have a harmful effect on the jaundice. In the artificial breeding, we should create conditions as far as possible to allow them to live in a dark environment.
6. Is it necessary to use soil to raise yellow buckwheat?
Huang Hao relies on mud to make caves in order to achieve the goal of avoiding predators, avoiding high temperatures and continuing offspring, and is the result of long-term natural selection. But this habit cannot be changed. It has been proved that the use of water-rich grasses instead of soils in aquaculture ponds can completely make the astragalus abandon drilling mud and enjoy long-term habitat in aquatic grasses. However, the author still finds that the breeding rate of jaundice in the no-bowl pool is not high by comparing the breeding conditions. Therefore, it is recommended that when the natural breeding or semi- artificial breeding seedlings are used, it is still better to use an earthen pond. However, as long as we continue to explore improvements, I believe that in the near future, landless breeding will eventually replace soil reproduction. 7. What are the requirements for water depth in Huang Huan?
When Astragalus membranaceus is feeding, exercising and the temperature is high, it must rely on the oxygen in the breathing air, but there are no other fish in its body. Therefore, once the water level is too deep, it must consume physical strength to swim to the surface of the water to breathe, which is obviously not conducive to the habitat of the yellow pheasant, so the jaundice generally inhabit shallow water areas. Therefore, the depth of the water in the Dianchi Lake is generally based on the size of the Astragalus, preferably 20-30 cm. In the deep water area, if there are dense aquatic plants floating and growing, the Astragalus can use water plants to inhabit within 30 cm below the surface of the water. At this time, the depth of the pool water does not affect the life of the yellow cricket. This is the case when the cage is raised to a depth of 1-2 meters, and the earthen pond is up to 1 meter deep and can grow normally. This is mainly because the aquatic plants floating on the surface of the water provide a convenient environment for the yellow toads to inhabit the water surface.
The third diet and growth
8, Huang Yi will eat small?
People are accustomed to think that there is a serious habit of cannibalism, but according to our experiments, in the feed of the yellow crickets mixed with minced scutellaria baicalensis, there will be anti-feeding phenomenon of jaundice, which fully shows that jaundice can only kill each other. Extremely hungry will happen. Moreover, according to our observations, the size gap between them is generally more than 5 times, for example, 50 grams or more in the same pond, and less than 10 grams. We once put 50 pieces of astragalus, which weighed 40-50 grams, in a dip pool with 100 grams of baicalin up to 50 kilograms. Normal feeds were fed for more than a month, drained water was cleaned, and 50 smaller ones were found. Less, this should fully prove the correctness of the previous assertions. However, at the same time, we found that the 50 jaundice that were put in were thinner before being put into use, and the total weight dropped by nearly 20% compared to the original. According to the observations after our usual feeding, it was found that the smaller individual scutellaria did not dare to rush to eat. If this situation continues to occur, it will inevitably lead to greater disparities in the same pool of individuals. Therefore, we must implement size-dividing education when breeding, and try to make its size and individual disparity no more than double. Many friends reported that they put a lot of their own catch in the sap pool or reservoir, but when they were caught at the end of the year they discovered that there were only dozens or even a few poor ones. This is mainly due to the unscientific environment. This resulted in the large number of deaths of the yellow eel or the escape of the eel's water when the storm began. This is not due to the fact that the eel has the same residual habit as other carnivorous fish (such as black mullet).
9. What are the particularities of Huang Qi’s digestive system?
Astragalus's intestine is a non-coiled, straight tube with a total length of approximately four-fifths of its length. This structure resembles that of carnivorous fish. Its digestive characteristics are: the plant protein and cellulose are almost completely indigestible and can effectively digest animal protein, starch and fat. Therefore, any attempt to raise jaundice with plant feed is a lack of understanding of the digestive function of the jaundice. On the other hand, the addition of moderate plant feed can promote intestinal peristalsis and feeding intensity. The new metabolism of Astragalus is slow, reflected in the digestive system mainly as a small amount of digestive fluid secretion and low absorption rate. This characteristic is extremely unfavorable to culture because the weight gain rate is severely suppressed. However, this characteristic is not irreversible. Under the regular feeding and artificially added digestive enhancer activation, the digestive system can quickly become extremely active, and it can be achieved to promote eating, and the state of weight gain can be significantly improved.
10, what kind of feed does Astragalus like to eat?
According to experiments, the order of the sensitive and favorite foods of Astragalus is 蚯蚓, 蚌, 螺, 蛆 and fresh fish. Astragalus is an omnivorous fish mainly composed of animal feed. During different growth periods, the food composition of Astragalus is somewhat different: Aberdeen eats egg yolks, silkworms, and quails; young quail eats water silkworms, cockroaches, rotifers, horned horns, and quail; Fish, snail meat, clam meat, shrimp, clams, small frogs and insects. In order to solve the problem of feed sources and increase weight gain, young and adult larvae should be domesticated and fed as soon as possible.
11. What are the distinctive features of Huangqi's food?
There are four distinctive features of Huangpi eating: First, it is particularly sensitive to earthworms. Huang Hao is particularly sensitive to the smell of earthworms. The crickets in the water can be smelled by jaundice that is tens of meters away and they love to eat. Therefore, we believe that in order to successfully cultivate yellow eels, it is necessary to raise them first. Although we do not advocate relying mainly on alfalfa to breed astragalus, in order to achieve a smooth start of food, acclimate eating feeds, and increase appetite for jaundice, we require farmers to develop a certain number of alfalfa at the same time as they develop aquaculture. The second is gluttony. Because the feed of Astragalus in the wild can not be guaranteed, it is often full of hunger, which has led to the habit of overeating. In the state of artificial breeding, especially in the single feeding of maggots or fly maggots, in the peak season of eating, the amount of fresh food that can be consumed once by jaundice can reach about 15% of its own body weight. Excessive intake of food can easily lead to indigestion of the jaundice and cause diseases such as enteritis. This is generally not the case for feeding artificially formulated feeds. The third is anti-feeding. The feeding activity of Astragalus relies on the sense of smell and touch, and chooses whether to swallow with taste. The odorless, bitter, oversalty, and irritating odor foods were all rejected for swallowing, especially for adding chemicals to the feed. This is also the fundamental reason why some fish farmers add trichlorfon or sulfa drugs to their diets to treat rickets without effective treatment. The fourth is hunger-resistance. Even at the peak of eating, Huangpi will not starve for 1-3 months of hunger. In a state of extreme hunger, weakening of the physical fitness of Astragalus tends to induce disease and the occurrence of cerumen eating a small beak.
12. What are the special requirements of Huang Xi for compound feed?
Astragalus can also feed on artificial compound feed, but the ingestion rate, intensity and persistence are different due to the composition of the compound feed and its production process. The requirements for compound feeds that enable Astragalus to ingest food stably are: a certain odor, uniform fineness, good flexibility, and a bar-shaped feed. Astragalus has a strict selectivity for bait, and once it is fed for a long time, it is difficult to change its diet. Therefore, in the early period of feeding jaundice, it is necessary to do a good job of grazing in a short period of time, that is, feeding a compound feed with a wide range of sources, a moderate price, and a high meat increase rate.
13. How is the food intake of Huang Huan?
Astragalus's feeding method is sucking. Small mouthfuls of food are sucked and swallowed, while foods that are too large to swallow can be bitten or swayed violently, or they bite into the body and rotate at high speed, causing the food to break in and swallow. Jaundice mainly relies on smell, touch and vibration to feed. When the food falls into the water or the body of the animal is caused to vibrate by the live bait, the yellow pelicans swim to the bait and prey, and suck it into the mouth.
14. How fast is the growth of Astragalus?
The growth rate of Astragalus is affected by many factors such as variety, age, nutrition, health and ecological conditions. The overall situation is that the growth of wild Astragalus under natural conditions is very slow, comprehensive observation data and our observations, The young seedlings hatched from May to June usually reach the end of the year (eat until November), their individual body weight is only 5-10 grams; by the end of the second year, they only weigh 10-20 grams; by the end of the third year, the body weight is 50- 100 grams; By the end of the fourth year, the body weight is 100-200 grams; By the end of the fifth year, the body weight is 200-300 grams; By the end of the sixth year, the body weight is 250-350 grams; For more than six years, the jaundice grows quite slowly. Wild jaundice weighing 500 grams is generally older than 12 years and is extremely rare. The largest wild jaundice reported in the country is about 3 kg in weight. According to our breeding practice, using excellent varieties and matching scientific feeding methods, the young plants hatched from May to June can be raised to the end of the year, and the individual body weight can reach 50 grams or so, which can meet the large-scale standards of market acquisition and be fully realized. The year of breeding was listed in the same year. If the breeding is continued in the second year, the individual's body weight can reach 150-250 grams, the third year can reach 350 grams, and 400 grams or more can grow slowly.
Fourth quarter reproduction
15. What is the sexual reversal of Huang Qi?
Astragalus has a very rare physiological phenomenon - sexual reversal. From the time of hatching to spawning, jaundice is female. However, after laying eggs, their ovaries will slowly transform into testes, which will later become sperm and become male. Almost all female jaundice have become lifelong males without exception after maturation. This phenomenon is biologically called "sexual reversal."
16, how to identify male and female jaundice?
It has been observed that wild astragalus are usually females up to 24 cm in length and the males with a body length of 42 cm or more are male, and the males with a size of 24-42 cm are male and female. Artificially cultivated Astragalus has an unusually long body length due to adequate nutrient supply and its varieties. Therefore, it is not possible to rely on the above criteria to make rough judgments. Instead, the basic judgment should be based on age: Normally, the females are within two ages. , 3 years or more are generally vigorous. The eel's head is small, does not uplift, the back is dark brown, there is no spotted flower spots, and sometimes there are 3 parallel brown spots; the body sides gradually become lighter from top to bottom, brown spots are fine and well-distributed The abdomen is light yellow or light blue; the abdominal muscles are thin, and the female hand is held in the breeding season with the abdomen facing up, and the front of the anus can be seen to be slightly swollen; the female is not good at jumping and escaping and the temperament is mild. The male's scutellaria baicalensis is relatively large in its head and slightly bulging. The back is generally made up of three equal bands in the form of brown spots. One line of pigment bands is visible along the midline on both sides of the body, and the remaining pigment spots are evenly distributed; Yellowish-yellow, large orange-red individuals, with abdomen facing up, indifferent to swelling; anatomical peritoneal cavity, immature testis slender, grayish, with pigmented spots on the surface, sexually mature testes thicker than the original, with irregular shapes on the surface The same melanin markings.
17. How many times have Astragalus spawned each year?
Astragalus is a spawning, spawning in batches, can spawn 1-3 times, according to our practical observation, about 80% of the Astragalus only produce one egg, about 20% of Astragalus will produce two eggs; very few individual Astragalus Will produce three eggs. There are many spawning times, but the total egg production does not increase. Therefore, in the practice of artificial breeding, we use oral oxytocin drugs to make spawning of Astragalus focus on spawning for a period of time so that the number of breeding seedlings will increase. To facilitate centralized management and nurturing.
18. What is the spawning volume of Astragalus?
Astragalus is a fish that spawns less eggs, and each female only has dozens to hundreds of eggs. Artificial breeding raises the quail species, because it is opened at the time of production compared to the wild quail individuals, so its fertility is relatively large, the general pregnancy can reach 300-800 tablets, after the artificial breeding of the fleas, its single ovulation Up to more than 1000 grains, up to 2000 or so, the general of conventional fish, the amount of egg is less than 10,000, as many as several hundred thousand or even several million grains, it is mostly artificial breeding fry, and yellow peony The amount of spawning is too small, and the amount of oxytocin is generally about 6 times that of other fish. The cost of drugs and labor for full artificial reproduction is too high, combined with strong technicality, so there is currently no mass production in the country to alleviate the shortage of seedlings.
19. What are the characteristics of Astragalus breeding?
Like many other carnivorous fish, Astragalus has a nesting feature before spawning. Once the spawning jaundice has established its own spawning area, it will ban other jaundice from entering within a certain range. Once an intruder is found, fighting will occur. If the cockroach cannot absolutely defend the safety of its spawning area, it will reselect the spawning area. If the spawning jaundice is selected several times, it cannot find the spawning area it deems safe. Then, it will not lay eggs and slowly absorb the eggs as the spawning season ends. The jaundice that can spawn will gradually transform into males in the second year, just like other jaundice that spawned eggs. In order to enable Astragalus to easily find its own safe spawning area when the breeding season arrives, and to make spawning as much as possible, when breeding for nature or for semi-artificial propagation, do not put the seedlings per square meter in the pond. More than 10 items. Astragalus can only be transformed from female to male, but not from male to female. When the breeding season arrives, if there are no male pupae in the same batch, there will be some female pupae that will be converted into male pupae in advance and mated with the same female pupae.
20. What is the male-male ratio during the breeding of Astragalus?
In the breeding season, Astragalus membranaceus proportion is roughly: when the male is greater than the female body weight, it is one male and one female; it is usually 1 male, 2 female or 3 female; when the male and female females have similar body weight, it is 1 Male and female; when males weigh less than females, they are 1 female.
21. How does Astragalus propagate seedlings?
Every year, when the breeding season comes, pro-growths with mature gonadal often spit out foam in the vicinity of rocks, caves, weed piles, or aquatic plants, and the females lay their eggs in them. At the same time, the eel excreted the sperm and fertilized it. The fertilized eggs hatched on the surface of the water by foam buoyancy. When the temperature of the water was 20-28°C, the seedlings were broken out about 7 days. When the females lay their eggs, they leave the nest and the males have egg-protection habits. Always guarding until the hatching of Scutellariae, the oocyst disappears and can freely feed. Female oviposits will leave the nest to complete male fertilization or facultative jaundice. Always guard until the yellow larvae hatch, and wait until their oocysts disappear, free to feed.