The animal body needs some energy to maintain life and production activities. Sugar, fat, and protein in feed contain energy. The energy in the feed is not a nutrient, but it is a characteristic of the nutrient that can produce energy in the metabolic process. Energy feed refers to feeds with a digestible energy of 10,465 kJ or more per kilogram of feed dry matter. Digestible energy above 12,558 kilojoules is high energy feed, and below 12,558 kilojoules is low energy feed. Energy feeds include plant energy feeds and fats and energy feeds. Plant energy feed Valley feed The outstanding characteristics of grain feeds are high starch content and low crude fiber content, so the available energy value is high. Valley real feed is the main source of energy for livestock and poultry, and it has the highest ratio of full-price compound feed and concentrate compound. Corn and corn are high-energy feeds and are the main energy feed in China. They are known as the "king of feeds." Maize's chicken has a metabolic energy of 14.06 megajoules per kilogram. Corn has high available energy. The main reasons are: Corn contains nitrogen-free liquid extracts up to 72%, of which mainly starch is easy to digest, while crude fiber is only 2%. The crude fat content is high, typically 3.5% to 4.5%, which is twice that of wheat or barley. Maize contains high levels of linoleic acid, which is an essential fatty acid. Animals lacking linoleic acid can cause poor growth, skin lesions, and reduced fertility. If corn exceeds 50% in compound feed, it can meet the animal's need for linoleic acid. The disadvantages of corn are low protein content and unbalanced amino acid composition. Corn contains about 8.5% protein, lower than wheat, barley and other cereals, lysine, methionine and tryptophan content is insufficient, and corn-based compound feeds must be matched with pancakes and animal protein, and sometimes added Amino acid and methionine. Due to the low content of tryptophan in corn, the amount of niacin should also be added in order to make the use of tryptophan very well. In addition, because corn contains less vitamin B2 and pantothenic acid, it should also be supplemented. The corn moisture index in the general area is set at 14%. Maize is susceptible to aflatoxin and should be monitored during purchase. Barley barley is shelled and unhulled. Barley is usually shelled. Its metabolisable energy is approximately 11.30 MJ/kg, and unshelled barley has a metabolizable energy of approximately 11.72 MJ/kg. Barley has good palatability and contains about 5% crude fiber. It can promote gastrointestinal motility in animals and maintain normal digestive function. Pigs, poultry and herbivores are very fond of eating. Barley has a high protein content, which is about 71%. Lysine, tryptophan and isoleucine are all higher than corn. Barley has low linoleic acid and vitamin content. The barley produced in China is used as a raw material for beer brewing, and there is a small amount of feed used. If the price is cost-effective, barley should be substituted for some corn when preparing feed. Wheat wheat is a staple food for our people. In the past, it was rarely used as feed. However, in recent years, wheat prices in some parts of China have been lower than corn. Therefore, wheat has been used as feed more and more. The metabolizable energy level of wheat is approximately 12.97 MJ/kg, with a small crude fat content of only 1.8%. However, the crude protein content of wheat is high, but lysine and threonine are obviously insufficient. The content of calcium and magnesium in wheat is high, phosphorus is mostly phytate phosphorus, and the utilization rate is low. Rice and Brown Rice Paddy is the most important cereal in China, accounting for about half of China's grain production. Rice, brown rice, broken rice, and glutinous rice are used as fodder in areas of southern China where there is a shortage of corn. The metabolic energy of rice is low, only 10.5 megajoules to 10.9 megajoules per kilogram. The only difference between rice and brown rice is the presence or absence of rice husks. Rice hulls are the least nutritious in the outer layer of the grain. The main components are lignin and silicic acid, and the rice husk accounts for about 20% to 25% of the rice. Because rice hulls are difficult to digest, they are not suitable for feed. The rice is unhusked as brown rice. The metabolic energy of brown rice is about 14 MJ/kg, which is comparable to corn. The protein content and amino acid composition of brown rice is comparable to that of corn and other cereals. Brown rice contains about 2% fat. Brown rice contains less mineral content, and about 70% of phosphorus content is phytate phosphorus. The utilization rate is slightly lower. B vitamins are high, but beta-carotene is minimal. Bran Rice bran and defatted rice glutinous rice bran are one of the by-products of rice production. The rice bran cake used in China's feed is a defatted rice bran product. Rice bran has a high metabolic energy level of 11.3 MJ/kg, crude fiber content is about 9%; crude protein is low, about 12%, but crude fat content is high, 15%, which is 4 times that of corn. The crude fat contained in rice bran contains many unsaturated fatty acids and is easily oxidized for long-term storage. Therefore, it should be fed as fresh as possible. The rancid rice bran can poison the animal, causing serious diarrhea and even death. Rice bran is rich in B vitamins, but less vitamin A, vitamin C, manganese, phosphorus, but about 86% of phosphorus is phytic acid, its poor utilization. Rice bran contains antitrypsin, which can be removed by heating. Otherwise, the amount of protein used can affect protein digestion. Bran wheat flour produces 23% to 25% of bran, 3% to 5% of sub-powder and 0.7% to 1% of germ flour. Wheat processing accuracy is different, and its bran quality is also different. Bran is rich in B vitamins but lacks B12. The water content of bran is better than 12%. Bran contains more fiber (8.5%~12%), so its energy value is lower, and metabolizable energy is only 7.1 MJ/kg. The crude protein content of bran is high, reaching 12% to 17%. Roots, tubers and melons The nutritional characteristics of such feeds are high moisture content, generally 70% to 90%. As an energy feed, roots, stems and melons are mainly used to remove water. Sweet potato is also called sweet potato. In dried sweet potato powder (90%), soluble carbohydrates accounted for 80%. Most of them are starch. The crude protein content is 2% to 4%, and the metabolisable energy level is 11.72 MJ/kg, which can only be used in small quantities. However, compatibility with urea and high protein supplements has significant advantages. About 90% of dry matter in cassava tapioca is soluble carbohydrates, and most of it is also starch. The protein content of cassava flour is very small, only about 3.8%; crude fiber content is also very small, only about 2.8%; almost no fat. In addition to sweet potatoes and cassava, there are potatoes, beets, carrots, etc. Their dry matter is rich in sugar, starch, high energy, low protein content, all have the general common energy feed. Oil and fat energy feed The main purpose of adding grease to compound feeds is to increase energy levels. In addition, it can also prevent dust, and it is beneficial to granulation and improve palatability. It can also save protein resources for fish feed. The energy concentration of oils and fats is very high and can be easily used by animals. For example, the energy content of fat is as high as 39.3 MJ/kg, and the oil contains 3 times the energy of pure starch and 3 times that of cereals. Below 3 times that of corn, you can consider using it in feed. In addition to the above advantages, fats have the following advantages: Reduce heat stress. Improve the feeding value of crude fiber. Improve feed flavor and increase palatability. Reduce dust, improve granulation, reduce wear of mixers and granulators. Energy Feed Usage Considerations Energy feeds mainly include cereals, such as corn, barley, wheat, sorghum, wheat bran, and root-based feeds, such as potatoes and sweet potatoes. In compound feed production, if the energy level in the feed is too low, the productivity of livestock and poultry will decline. If dairy cows are fed with low-energy feeds, the peak milk production period of dairy cows will be greatly shortened. When using grease, be sure to pay attention to the purity and stability of the grease. Moisture, insolubles and compounds are impurities. The impurities of high-quality animal oils should be less than 2%. The more impurities, the lower the energy level. Too much water is one of the causes of rancidity, and triglyceride hydrolysis causes a large increase in free fatty acids. The moisture in the oil reduces the antioxidant effect. Insoluble matter, impure oil, can not be used as feed. Unsaponifiable animals cannot be used. For the fat used as feed, antioxidants must be added. Because oils and fats, especially animal fats, are easily oxidized and rancid (brought), the nutrients are destroyed when the oils are oxidized. Excessive energy levels can also have an adverse effect on livestock productivity and health. When the energy level in the dairy cow's feed is higher than 60% of the standard level, cows are prone to mite and mastitis after milk production; laying hens fed high-energy, low-protein diets are prone to develop fatty liver and the egg production rate is reduced. Therefore, we must use energy feeds reasonably. In general, the proportion of cereals in the energy feed is 50%~65% in chicken feed, and 5%~15% in bran; in the pig feed, Guzheng energy feed should account for 40%~ 60%; In the concentrate of dairy cows, Guzheng energy feed can account for about 40%. Special attention should be paid to the fact that in the feed mix process, the amount of sorghum added should not exceed 10%, otherwise poor palatability, livestock and poultry do not like to eat. Different types of livestock and poultry should choose different energy feed types at different stages of development in order to improve the breeding efficiency and the quality of livestock and poultry products. For example, barley contains less than 2% crude fat and is used as an energy feed in compound feed for finishing pigs to obtain high-quality hard carcasses: it is better for feeding ruminants than wheat. The use of yellow corn as a feed for laying hens can deepen the yolk color of the eggs, improve the quality of the eggs and the economic benefits of raising chickens. Shiitake is closely related to Ganoderma. Shiitake is Japan's largest agricultural export product, and it is now the most popular and cultivated exotic mushroom in the world. In China, the history of shiitake mushrooms can be traced back to the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644 AD). Shiitake is used not only as a food, but also as a medicine for treating upper respiratory tract diseases, poor blood circulation, liver diseases, fatigue and weakness, as well as promoting Qi or vital energy. It is also thought to prevent premature aging. Oak Tree Shiitake Mushroom Spawn Shiitake Spawn,Shiitake Substrate,Oaktree Shiitake Mushroom Spawn,Oak Tree Shiitake Mushroom Spawn Shandong Qihe Biotechnolegy Co.,ltd. , https://www.qihebio.com