1. Reasonable top-dressing is essential during the flowering stage. Apply 150 kg of urea fertilizer per hectare, placing it about 15 cm away from the base of the plant, either in furrows or holes. At full bloom, spray a 0.2%-0.4% solution of potassium dihydrogen phosphate, and if needed, perform one or two additional applications based on the plant's growth condition. This ensures sufficient nutrients for optimal development and flower formation.
2. Pruning and leaf protection are important practices. As side branches appear, remove them promptly to concentrate nutrients on the main stem, promoting better seed filling. Prune early and thoroughly, taking care not to damage the plant. In sunflower cultivation, avoid beating the plants, as this can cause unnecessary stress. Protect the leaves, especially the upper ones, as they play a crucial role in photosynthesis and overall plant health.
3. Assistive pollination improves yield and quality. Begin artificial pollination when more than 70% of the field is in bloom. For individual flowers, pollinate 2-3 days after the first bloom, and repeat every 3 days for a total of 2-3 times. Pollinate in the morning, after the dew has dried, ideally before 11 am. If not completed in the morning, continue after 3 pm. A simple method involves using a "powder puff" made from cardboard, plastic, cotton, or clean gauze to gently brush the pollen from one flower to another, ensuring effective cross-pollination.
4. Strengthen pest and disease control measures. Common diseases in sunflower crops include sunflower sclerotinia and downy mildew, while pests such as sunflower moths can also be problematic. To manage sclerotinia, use fungicides like Rovral, Cymoxanil, or Oryzamil. For downy mildew, apply agents like Kocide, Previcur, or antiviral compounds. To control sunflower moths, use Bt emulsion or release Trichogramma wasps in the field. Regular monitoring and timely intervention are key to maintaining healthy crops and maximizing yields.
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