First, understanding the fertilizer characteristics of Chinese cabbage is essential for successful cultivation. Also known as "Chinese Cabbage," "Yellow Sprout," or "Warm Chinese Cabbage," this vegetable is native to China and has over 1,000 varieties, making it one of the most widely grown crops in the country. The northern regions are the main production areas. As a high-nutrient crop, Chinese cabbage has specific requirements for nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. For every 1,000 kg of produce, the plant absorbs approximately 1.5 kg of nitrogen, 0.7 kg of phosphorus, and 2 kg of potassium, with a ratio of roughly 1:0.47:1.33. The nutrient uptake during different growth stages generally corresponds to the increase in dry matter accumulation. During the germination to rosette stage, only about 10% of the total nutrients are absorbed, while the remaining 90% is taken up later. The absorption rates of N, P, and K vary throughout the growth cycle. Nitrogen uptake peaks during the rosette stage, followed by potassium, with phosphorus being the lowest. During the ball (head) formation stage, potassium is most actively absorbed, followed by nitrogen, while phosphorus remains the least absorbed.
Second, proper fertilization techniques play a crucial role in maximizing yield and quality. First, applying base fertilizer is essential due to the long growing period of Chinese cabbage. It is recommended to use high-quality organic manure, such as well-decomposed farmyard manure, at a rate of over 5,000 kg per acre. Additionally, 50–70 kg of compound fertilizer should be applied, with 60% incorporated deeply into the soil during plowing. The remaining portion is lightly mixed into the topsoil along with crop residues before forming ridges. This ensures a steady release of nutrients throughout the growing season.
Next, seedling fertilizer is important to support early growth. A small amount of high-nitrogen compound fertilizer—about 3–5 kg per acre—is typically applied as a seedling fertilizer. It is placed directly into the planting holes or furrows before sowing and mixed well with the soil. Watering after application helps activate the nutrients and promotes healthy root development.
The third stage involves the "leaf tree" fertilizer, which is applied when the plants begin to form a rosette. At this point, the crop requires a significant amount of nitrogen, along with phosphorus and potassium to support rapid growth. It is recommended to apply 10–15 kg of high-nitrogen compound fertilizer per acre. For direct-seeded crops, the fertilizer is placed in a shallow trench around the base of the plants, covered with soil. For transplanted seedlings, it is applied in the planting hole or furrow, mixed with the soil before transplanting.
The final stage is the "ball fertilizer," applied just before the head begins to form. This is a critical period for the development of the compact head, and any nutrient deficiency can lead to poor leaf cohesion and reduced yield. To ensure optimal growth, a large dose of complete fertilizer—especially potassium—is recommended. Applying 30 kg of high-nitrogen and high-potassium compound fertilizer per acre is ideal. Fertilizer is placed in a 8–10 cm deep groove along the rows, which helps enrich the inner leaves and promote better "irrigation" of the head. This step is often referred to as "heart filling," as it significantly improves the quality and density of the final product.
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