Disposable Piercing Guide - WPTC12
Disposable surgical instruments are single-use medical devices that are used during surgery and discarded after use. Some examples of disposable surgical instruments include:
1. Scalpel 2. Tweezers 3. Scissors 4. Needle 5. Suture material 6. Surgical drapes 7. Surgical masks 8. Surgical gloves 9. Ironing pen 10. Trocar and cannula.
10. Laparoscopic instruments: Used for minimally invasive surgeries, these instruments include a camera and specialized tools for performing surgery through small incisions.
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2. Forceps: A tool used for grasping and holding tissues or organs during surgery.
3. Retractors: Surgical instruments used to hold open incisions or wounds to provide better visibility for the surgeon.
4. Scissors: Used for cutting tissues and sutures during surgery.
5. Hemostats: Used to clamp blood vessels and prevent bleeding during surgery.
6. Suction devices: Used to remove fluids or debris from the surgical site.
7. Needles: Used to suture or stitch wounds.
8. Electrocautery: A tool that uses an electrical current to cut or coagulate tissues during surgery.
9. Endoscopes: Used for minimally invasive surgeries, these instruments allow the surgeon to see inside the body without making large incisions.
Fertilization is a crucial practice for maintaining soil fertility and meeting the nutrient demands of guava trees throughout their growth and fruiting cycles. Guava plants bloom multiple times a year, have a long fruiting season, and produce high yields, which means they consume significant amounts of nutrients. As a result, proper fertilization management is essential to sustain tree vigor and improve soil health. Research has shown that each 100 kg of fresh guava fruit absorbs approximately 1.83 kg of nitrogen, 0.39 kg of phosphorus, 1.62 kg of potassium, 0.90 kg of calcium, 0.22 kg of magnesium, and 0.24 kg of sodium. The N:P:K:Ca:Mg ratio is roughly 1:0.21:0.89:0.49:0.12. Nutrient requirements vary depending on the variety, yield level, and pruning intensity—higher production and more aggressive pruning increase the need for nutrients.
For young guava trees, the goal of fertilization is to encourage vigorous growth and promote the formation of a strong, productive canopy. Basal fertilizers such as compost, manure, and organic cake are typically applied at 10–15 kg per plant, with small amounts of phosphorus, potassium, and calcium added, like 1 kg of calcium phosphate or calcium magnesium phosphate. In addition to base fertilizers, farmers often apply fertilizer during pruning, following the principle of "fertilize one branch, grow one branch." Main fertilizers are usually applied twice a year. The first application occurs between August and September, using 20–30 kg of compost and 0.5 kg of compound fertilizer per tree. A second application takes place in April or May, with 1.5–2.0 kg of compound fertilizer and foliar sprays.
For mature fruit-bearing trees, fertilization should focus on supporting flower development, fruit set, and root health. Since guava flowers year-round, timing is critical. In Guangxi, fertilization is typically done during new shoot emergence (February–March), bud formation (March–April), and fruit enlargement (May–July). Additional applications occur in September–October for the second and third fruit crops, and in December for the final fruit development. After harvest, a winter heavy fertilizer is applied to prepare for the next cycle.
In the Guangzhou region, mid- and late-maturing varieties are often fertilized before spring shoots appear, during fruit development, and after harvesting. Early-maturing varieties, which flower and bear fruit rapidly, require frequent feeding after each harvest. In Taiwan, fertilization is timed to reduce summer and autumn fruiting and boost winter and spring yields. Applications are made in February, May, July, August, and November, with a focus on improving fruit quality and ripening periods. Organic fertilizer is commonly used as a base in February for slow release.
In India, nitrogen and potassium are typically applied four times a year—in February, early May, early July, and August. Fertilizer rates and ratios differ by region and tree age. For example, in Taiwan, the N:P:K ratio shifts from 1:1:1 in the first five years to 2:1:2 after ten years. In Thailand, it’s recommended to apply 0.2 kg of nitrogen, 0.1 kg of P₂O₅, and 0.4 kg of K₂O annually, with an N:P:K ratio of 2:1:4. In Indian high-yield orchards, the annual rate is 0.583 kg N, 0.271 kg P, and 0.399 kg K, with a ratio of 1:0.46:0.68. South African adult guava trees receive about 0.224 kg N, 0.045 kg P, and 0.20 kg K per year, with a ratio of 1:0.20:0.89.
When applying fertilizers, shallow trenches can be dug under the tree canopy, measuring 0.7–0.8 meters long, 0.2–0.3 meters wide, and 0.1 meter deep. Fertilizer is placed in the trench and covered with soil. Phosphate can also be applied at a distance of 1.0–1.6 meters from the trunk, in ditches 0.6 meters long, to improve absorption. Combining fertilization with irrigation during dry seasons enhances effectiveness. Foliar sprays are also effective, especially for micronutrients like zinc, which improves fruit quality and soluble solids. Calcium nitrate accelerates vegetative growth and promotes earlier flowering. Spraying 0.6% zinc sulfate, 0.2% boric acid, and 0.05% ammonium molybdate during the early flowering and fruit stages significantly improves fruit quality. In Taiwan, spraying 0.4–0.6% potassium dihydrogen phosphate three times in September and October helps enhance winter and spring fruit quality. Leaf fertilizer concentrations should be lower when leaves are young and gradually increased as they mature.