Southern special early-season seedless grape adopts dense planting technology. After the second year of planting, there will be a certain amount of output (up to 500-1000 kg per mu). The third year can yield high yields. The yield per mu can reach 4,000 kg to over 5000 kg, and the high-yield garden can be obtained. Production can exceed 6000 kg. Significant economic benefits. This technology is mainly for the preparation of non-nuclear grapes. For other grape varieties, reference may apply. First, build a park 1 Variety Selection Nucleation-free vineyards in the South should be selected for non-nuclear varieties with high temperature and high humidity in the south, and the most suitable for European and American hybrids. Judging from the current situation, it is better to use early-season and non-nuclear grapes such as Venus's non-nuclear (ie blue ocean), Shimlaut, and nuclear-free princes. The economic benefits are several times that of giant bees and rattans. It not only adapts to the climate characteristics of the South, but also matures early and has high yields. It is suitable for large-scale economic cultivation in the south. 2 The selection of land and soilless non-nuclear grape is very adaptable, with the characteristics of hi light, resistance to earthworms, and strict requirements on the soil. At the time of building the park, we still choose to use sunny, sandy terrain with relatively flat terrain, and slightly acid to neutral soil with a pH of 6 to 7 is more appropriate. Before planting, it is advisable to improve the soil in accordance with the north-south line to the ditch. The width of the ditch is 80 to 100 cm, the ditch depth is 60 cm, and the length is not limited. The ditch can be pressed into crop manuscripts, earth miscellaneous fertilizers, weeds, and phosphate fertilizers. If the conditions are not met, it can be planted and the soil can be expanded every year. The planting density of non-nucleation vines should be based on the shape of the scaffold used. At present, the double ledge is the best in the South. With this type of truss, the plant spacing is 20.5 meters (666 acres) or 21 meters (mu 333 rows). Strain is more suitable, in addition, V-shaped frame can also be used to row spacing 2.50.8 meters (333 acres per plant) is more appropriate. Immediately after planting, sufficient water must be poured. Second, pruning 1 The growth of plastic seedless grapes is very fast. A large number of flower buds can be formed in the year of colonization, and there will be a certain amount of production in the following year. Therefore, plastic surgery must be carried out during colonization. 1.1 double-wall fence shape This frame shape is the most widely used frame shape in the south, with good ventilation and light transmission, high output, and quick production. The shaping method is: planting by row spacing 20.5 meters or 21 meters. Immediately after planting. The racks can use cement pillars, stone pillars, wooden sticks and coarse bamboo rods, with the lowest cost of crude bamboo rods and the most convenient way to build racks. When erecting the frame, two columns of pillars about 2 meters high shall be erected at both ends of the 40 to 50 centimeters from the planting line, and the column spacing will be determined by the frame material. Take rough bamboo rods as an example, it should be about 1.52 meters away from each other. A small bamboo rod should be tied along the pillar 50 to 60 centimeters from the ground, and a bamboo rod should be tied every 40 to 50 centimeters. The bamboo rods are used to fix the branches. The top of the column is added with a bar every 2 to 4 meters to fix the fence. After the frame is constructed, 4 shoots are selected as the main vines. When the new shoots are 50-60 cm long, they shall be tied to the first bamboo rods or iron wires on the left and right ends with plastic ropes, and all tendrils shall be removed. When the new shoot grows to 1 meter, it picks up the heart. According to the thickness of the shoot, it decides the weight of the picking. The principle is that the branches are long and the branches are weak. After the summer shoot was issued, 1 to 2 leaves were repeatedly picked to promote the growth of the main vine and the buds were full to facilitate the second year results. In the first year of winter cutting, 4-6 buds of the main vine were cut, and as the result area moved up year by year, 3-4 years generally began to rotate and update to reduce the result area. 1.3 Dulong-shaped This tree is a new tree. It is characterized by leaving a main vine standing upright and fixed with thick branches. Six to eight lateral vines are selected on the main vine to produce dendrite. Each year, 3 to 5 buds are left to be pruned, and 2 to 4 new shoots are left on it. This is updated year after year. In addition, there are many applications for single-wall fences, which are not described here. 2 Pruning Shemlaut Seedless Grapes have a large amount of growth and should be noted for summer pruning. Summer pruning is mainly for multiple plucking of the main tip to thicken the main vine, leaving 1 to 2 leaves on the sub tip for repeated topping to promote winter bud development. Flower buds are formed, and at the same time, topping can control excessive vegetative growth, and play a role in flower protection, increase of quality and yield. In winter pruning, the result is to select and maintain the result of the next year, so as to control the yield, generally 3 to 6 buds are to be trimmed for the result of the branch buds. Because of different varieties, buds of 1 to 6 buds of Venus seedless grapes can form flower buds and are suitable for extremely short Pruning can leave 1 to 3 short-cuts of the bud, and Shim Laut forms flower buds in 3 to 8 buds, and must leave 3 to 6 short-cuts. Each plant maintains 4 to 6 fruiting vines for a long period of time, and the rest may be removed or updated, depending on the circumstances. Third, soil fertilizer management 1 Fertilizing Grapes require a large number of elements such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and calcium during the growth and development, as well as trace elements such as iron, magnesium, and boron. In particular, the demand for potassium exceeds that of nitrogen and phosphorus, and there is a “potassium plantâ€. It is called. Generally, for each ton of non-nucleated grape fruit, 20 kg of pure nitrogen, 10 kg of phosphorus pentoxide and 24 kg of pure potassium are required to be applied. 1.1 The young period of intensive planting of young trees is 1 to 2 years. The fertilizing materials should be thin. The orchards planted with seedlings should be planted before the early spring. Fertilizer should be applied after germination in the same year. Once every 15 days, urea should be applied to each plant for 15 days. 10 grams, 10 grams of superphosphate, decomposed human and animal waste water (faeces: water = 1:6-10) 4 ~ 5 kg, with the growth of plants, gradually increase the amount of fertilizer. Sapling fertilization should be stopped before the end of August, in order to facilitate the old shoots mature, in September to October apply an organic fertilizer and phosphate fertilizer can be used as base fertilizer. The second year can be applied once a month from March to August. September-October Shiji Fei once. 1.2 Adult Tree Fertilization 1.2.1 Germ Fertilizer (Spring Fertilizer) Before germination, the fertilization is beneficial to the growth of new shoots and good flowering. At the same time, it provides sufficient nutrients for flower bud differentiation from April to May of that year. The fertilization should account for about 25% of the whole year, mainly nitrogen and phosphorus. Generally close planting gardens (according to 4000 kg per mu, the same below) Mushi organic fertilizer (chicken, pig manure water) 1000 kg, 20 kg of urea, Superphosphate 40 kg. 1.2.2 Fertilization in Young Fruit Period (Strong Fruit Fertilizer) The fertilization was applied in May, when the flowering period was positive, and flower buds began to differentiate in the following year. The fertilization can provide sufficient nutrients for fruit enlargement from May to June. Fertilization accounts for about 35% of the annual total, mainly nitrogen and potassium, 30 kg of urea, 30 kg of potassium sulfate, and 1500 kg of human and animal manure. 1.2.3 Postharvest Fertilizer (Base Fertilizer) The fertilizer is applied after fruit picking, and early maturing non-nuclear grapes are suitable for mid-to-late August (medium and late maturing varieties are applied immediately after harvest). Mainly to restore the tree potential, accumulate nutrients, prepare for the previous year. Mainly organic fertilizer, supplement the appropriate amount of available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. Mushi urea 10 ~ 15 kg, superphosphate 20 kg, potassium sulfate 5 kg, organic fertilizer 2000 ~ 2500 kg. 1.3 The combination of external root fertilization and spraying was carried out, and 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate and 0.2% urea were applied topically. 2. Soil management After the pruning in winter, the entire park is cultivated. From May to September, herbicides (graceless or glyphosate) are used for 2 to 3 times of weeding. At the same time, weeds or manuscripts can be used to cover the root neck and Between the rows to preserve water and drought. Before the germination in early spring and in the fruit expansion period, it should be timely watered, and during the rainy season from May to August, drainage should be paid attention. Fourth, flower and fruit management 1 preserved fruit 1.1 Agricultural measures should be reasonable to leave branches, leave fruit and fertilize, in order to maintain a stable tree vigor, increase the main vine roughness, 3 to 5 days before flowering to control the irrigation of the flowering period, do a good job of the rainy season drainage, timely flowering and control the secondary shoots, flowers Leaving 10-12 leafhopper heads in the first week or so and going to the deputy ears. 1.2 Chemical measures Inflorescences were sprayed once 2000-3000mg/L (200PPm) B9 plus 0.3% borax and 0.25% potassium dihydrogen phosphate within 4 days before flowering, and 1000mg/L (1000PPm) B9 was sprayed one week after flowering. 2 increase fruit size and improve quality 2.1 Measures to increase fruit size Non-nuclear grape fruits generally small, in order to improve its commercial nature, must increase the fruit, the common methods are: (1) 3 to 9 days after flowering with 70mg/L pyrazole (effective ingredients ) Dipped in the ear. (2) 20 mg/L gibberellin (Nine Twenty) was used in mid-flowering. Inflorescences are arranged so that after the cobs are extended, they are soaked with 100-200 mg/L gibberellin (90%) after 5 to 8 days after flowering. 2.2 Measures to Improve the Quality of Non-nucleated Grapes (1) Appropriately sparse and thinning fruit. It is advisable to control the yield of 3,000 kg per mu. In the first 5 to 7 days before flowering, remove the ear tip 1 cm or so. Cut the deputy ear and the upper 3 to 5 spikelets. Immediately after the physiological fruit drop (20 days after flowering), carry out pulverization. , And to eliminate excessive spikelets, the general weight control per ear is about 750 grams. (2) Spraying potassium dihydrogen phosphate and micro-fertilizer outside the pest control roots. (3) Ears are bagged and carried out after sparse grains are set. Spray a bactericide before bagging (optional carbendazim, Dasheng M, mildew, etc.), and then bagging, go to the bag about 1 week before picking, to facilitate coloring. V. Pest control 1 Major diseases 1.1 Downy mildew mainly damages the leaves. On the early stages of infection, there are translucent, oily, spotted lesions on the leaves. Afterwards, the lesions are yellowish-brown in color. The backside of the affected leaves has layers of white downy mildew. When the leaves are severe, the diseased leaves lose water and scorch and fall off. In severe cases, it also harms the fruits. The pathogens overwinter in grape disease or winterize with the leaves in the soil. The temperature is about 10 to 15 degrees, which is the peak of the epidemic. Generally, it starts from April to May, and from July to August, it is the epidemic period. The following medicines can be used for prevention and control measures: 64% anti-disease wettable powder 500 to 600 times liquid, 50% more mildew 1500 times liquid, or spray 1:1:180 times Bordeaux mixture (ie quick lime: copper sulfate: water=1: 1:180) 1.2 Black pox is mainly harmful to young leaves and young fruit. The early disease of young leaves showed reddish-brown and dark brown spots, which expanded into round lesions. The edges were dark brown, and the center was light brown or gray-white, and finally dried and perforated. When veins are victimized, the leaves twist and shrink. Young fruit susceptibility begins from post-flowering to the end of berry expansion. When the young fruit was infected, it showed a brownish-brown spot. Afterwards, the central part of the lesion turned grayish and slightly sunken. The edge was purple-brown and looked like a bird's eye. The pathogenic bacteria overwintered on diseased leaves and diseased branches, and germinated from the next year to the beginning of leaf spreading stage. The peak of onset is in the middle and late May. Control measures Xiehua spray 70% mancozeb 500 times liquid, when the fruit mung bean large, spray 1:0.7:200 times Bordeaux fluid control, can also use 50% carbendazim 600 times. 1.3 White rot disease The disease is harmful to the green part, especially the ear damage is the heaviest. In the early stage of disease, there were brown and irregular water-stained lesions on the fruit stems and pedicels. Afterwards, they gradually spread to the fruit, causing the rot of the spike tip to rot. The surface was covered with small gray spots. The onset of disease begins in late May and early June, and the period from July to August is prosperous. Control measures used 50% thiophanate-methyl 600 times, 75% chlorothalonil 600 times. 1.4 Anthracnose mainly threatens the fruit. At the beginning of onset, the fruit surface produced a needle-like water-stained brown round spot. Afterwards, the spots expanded and subsided, and the color was deepened. The spots were rosy, and the lesions grew small black spots. The disease was at the peak of onset in the first half of July. Control measures Spray 80% of anthraquinone carbendazim WP before flowering, and spray 50% carbendazim 600 times or 70% thiophanate-methyl 600 fluid after onset. 1.5 Gray mold mainly harms inflorescences, young fruits and mature fruits. Sometimes it also harms shoots, leaves and fruit stems. Spikelets and small ears of fruit just after flowering are susceptible to infestation. In the early stages of disease, the affected area is light brown water stained and quickly dark brown. The whole ear is soft and rot, and a layer of mouse gray mold grows on wet, when it is sunny. The rotten diseased ear gradually became dehydrated and shrivelled. Mature fruits and fruit stems were damaged, and brown depressions appeared on the fruit surface. The whole fruit softly rotted and the gray mold layer grew. The fruit stems turned black and the black lumpy sclerotia grew. Control measures spray 50% acetaminophen 1500 times or 50% polymycin 1500 times before spraying. Currently, 1000 to 1500 times 50% of Veloking has special effects on this disease. 2 major pests 2.1 grape short beak, also known as grape red spider, with larvae, nymphs, adults have harmed shoots, leaves, fruits and secondary shoots. After damaging the young shoots and leaves, the victims were presented with dark brown patches. When the leaves were severe, the leaves were dry and fall off. The skin surface was rough with a rust-colored appearance. In early April, the buds began to be harmed. Afterwards, they gradually entered the peak period and overwintered at the end of October. Prevention measures Before the spring grape leaves are displayed, spray the wave 3 degrees of lime sulfur plus 0.3% detergent. In the growing season, 20% of Chrysanthemum is used 3000 times and 20% of Sweeper 2500 times. 2.2 grape perched larvae larvae food shoots and shoots 1 to 2 branches, the affected area is swollen and tumor-like. The upper leaves become yellow and withered, the fruit falls off, and there are insect excrements piled up outside the hole, branches and branches are easily broken. Larval larvae overwinter in winter, May to June eclosion, July to August the most serious damage. Control measures pruned and found damaged limbs to be cut off and burned. In July, it was found that boreholes could be cut off from infected branches, or larvae were killed by the use of iron wire. During the emergence period of adults, 50% of millet pine EC was sprayed with 1000 times or 20% of polyketthrin was 3000 times, 40% of Oxygen was leached. Fruit 1000 times liquid. For the damaged part of the big branch, 40% omethoate 500 times can be injected directly, and then sealed with wet mud. 2.3 grape leaflets (also known as two-point floating dust) Adults, nymphs sucking juice on the leaves, the victim leaves first appeared chlorotic white spots, and then even into white spots, caused by pale leaves, early fall off. The first generation of nymphs appeared in early May. The first generation of adult worms occurred in June. The last generation of adult worms took place from September to October and was from 2 to 3 generations a year. Preventive measures: Remove defoliation and weeds in orchards in winter to reduce overwhelming insect sources. In May, the nymphs spray 40% oxidative drop 1000 times, or 20% kill 2000 times.
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3 Planting Seedless grapes can be planted every year from September to March of the following year. When planting seedlings should be left 3-5 bud short cuts to promote Wang Zhi, green leaf seedlings at 30 cm high picking branches.
1.2 V-shaped frame is suitable for 2.50.8 meters of planting dense planting garden. Colonization began in the year when the construction was started. The bamboo material could be used as the frame material, and the cement column and wire could also be used as the frame material. The bamboo poles are used as an example to illustrate: the planting height was 30 cm in the year and the construction was started. When the frame was built, two bamboo poles were inserted obliquely above the seedlings (the bamboo poles were 2.5 meters long and the same below). The seedlings were placed 30 centimeters above the ground. They cross at an angle of 90 degrees and are perpendicular to the line. Every 2 to 3 meters are inserted obliquely. The upper end of the bamboo raft is fixed with bamboo rafts that have been inserted. Then horizontally (parallel to the row) 30cm from the intersection, tie the first bamboo pole to the oblique bamboo raft (one on the left and right), and tie the second bamboo pole on the first raft at a distance of 50cm. , The third lane is tied at 60 cm from the second horizontal bamboo pole. There are three lanes when the seedlings are planted and 3 to 4 short cuts are left when the seedlings are planted. Choose 2 strong buds, erase the rest, and attach the two new shoots to the first horizontal bamboo pole. When the new shoots are 30 centimeters, take the heart and push the branches. Each new shoot chooses to leave 2 uniform branches. One, as a result of the mother-branch culture, the remaining branches are erased, these four new shoots 50 centimeters when the picking heart and its deputy to leave 1 to 2 leaves repeated topping, and the remaining secondary shoots erased from the first to the second, after the growth of Auxiliary shoots were left with 1 to 2 leaves topping to make the main shoots grow thick and differentiate flower buds. In the first year of winter cutting, each main branch leaves 2 to 3 short cuts of flower buds, and the second year each grape can extract 8 to 10 branches. The yield can reach 5 to 10 kilograms. 