Red vertebrae, a member of the Fagaceae family, is a fast-growing broad-leaved tree species widely cultivated in southern China. Known for its straight trunk and high-quality timber, it is an ideal choice for artificial forests aimed at timber production, water conservation, or industrial raw material supply. Its rapid growth and strong sprouting ability make it one of the most commonly used hardwood species in Guangdong's plantation forestry. This species thrives in humid conditions and prefers well-drained soils such as red earth, yellow earth, and red clay formed from granite or sandstone. It grows quickly when properly managed, with an annual height increase of about 1 meter and a diameter growth of around 1 cm. However, it does not tolerate drought, cold, or poor soil conditions. In shallow or nutrient-deficient areas, its growth tends to be stunted. Red vertebrae is a shade-tolerant species, especially during its early growth stages. It has a strong ability to regenerate from cuttings, producing 1 to 8 new seedlings per cutting. After logging, it typically takes 3 to 6 years for the forest to mature, depending on the management practices. The wood is dark reddish-brown, with a fine texture and excellent workability. It nails well, is easy to plane and cut smoothly, making it highly valued for furniture, shipbuilding, vehicle manufacturing, construction, and agricultural tools. Additionally, it is a premium raw material for wood-based panels and is widely used in our province as a quality timber source. Red vertebrae flowers between March and April, and its fruits ripen from November to December. The mature fruits split open naturally, releasing the seeds. Although the seeds are rich in starch and edible, they do not store well, so it is best to use fresh seedlings. Seedlings require shade and consistent moisture, so nurseries should be shaded using arbors or small branches. Good irrigation and drainage, along with deep and loose soil, are essential for healthy growth. For planting, the channel-by-groove method is commonly used. A seeding trench about 4 cm deep is dug every 20 cm, and seeds are sown every 4 cm, covered with 2 cm of soil and then mulched with grass. The seeding rate is approximately 40–50 kg per hectare, which can yield 2,000 to 25,000 healthy seedlings. For afforestation, a spacing of 2 meters by 2 meters or 1.75 meters by 1.75 meters is recommended, resulting in 167 to 200 trees per acre, which is considered optimal for growth and resource utilization.

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