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Bakanae disease is prevalent in all major rice-growing regions of China. Although the implementation of pesticide soaking measures has helped control the disease, the expansion of rice cultivation areas has led to improper application of these treatments in some regions, resulting in a resurgence or worsening of the disease in certain areas.
First, the conditions that contribute to the occurrence of Bakanae disease:
1. **Infected Seeds**: Seed fields are often not harvested and threshed on time, increasing the chances of pathogen colonization and infestation. These seeds tend to be more severely affected compared to those that are properly harvested and processed.
2. **Seed Damage During Threshing**: The use of threshing machines with small gaps and high rotation speeds can cause damage to the seeds. Damaged seeds, when sown, are more likely to develop the disease than undamaged ones.
3. **Weak Seedlings**: Poor water management in seedbeds can lead to drought stress, cracking of soil, and root damage. Weak seedlings transplanted into the field are more susceptible to Bakanae disease.
4. **Incomplete Soaking**: Seeds that are not thoroughly soaked before planting are more prone to infection compared to well-soaked seeds.
Second, methods for controlling Bakanae disease:
Since the disease spreads primarily through infected seeds, establishing disease-free seed production areas, selecting healthy seeds, and applying proper seed treatment are crucial steps in prevention.
1. **Establish Disease-Free Fields**: Use certified disease-free seeds and ensure they are properly disinfected. Maintain clean fields by promptly removing diseased plants and avoiding contamination from nearby infected areas. Store seeds separately after harvest to prevent cross-contamination.
2. **Seed Disinfection Treatment**: This is one of the most effective ways to prevent Bakanae disease. A common method involves mixing 25 ml of 125% carbendazim emulsion (EC) with 20 ml of 0.15% natural alizarin in 100 liters of water to soak 100 kg of rice seeds. The soaking duration varies depending on temperature: 7–5 days at 10–15°C, 4–3 days at 16–20°C, and 3–2 days at 20–25°C. Stir the mixture three times daily and allow direct germination afterward. Another option is using 225% mancozeb EC at a dilution of 1:2000, soaking for 72 hours, which also helps prevent both Bakanae and blast diseases.
The water level during soaking should be at least 10 cm above the seeds, and it's important to stir the mixture in the morning, afternoon, and evening.
3. **Remove Diseased Plants**: As soon as diseased plants are identified in the field, they should be removed immediately to prevent further spread of the pathogen.
4. **Prevent Root and Seed Damage**: Protecting the roots and seeds from injury is essential in reducing the risk of pathogen invasion. Ensure proper irrigation in the nursery beds to avoid drought stress and root damage. Before transplanting, maintain adequate moisture to protect seedling roots. When threshing, adjust the machine’s gap and speed to avoid damaging the seeds, thus reducing the likelihood of infection.
By following these practices, farmers can significantly reduce the incidence of Bakanae disease and improve the health and productivity of their rice crops.