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Bakanae disease is prevalent in all major rice-growing regions of China. Although the use of pesticide seed soaking has helped control the disease, the expansion of rice cultivation has led to improper implementation of these measures in some areas, causing the disease to re-emerge and worsen in certain regions.
**First, the conditions that contribute to the occurrence of the disease:**
1. **Infected seeds:** Seed fields that are not harvested and threshed on time often have a higher risk of infection. These seeds tend to be more severely affected compared to those harvested and processed promptly.
2. **Damaged seeds:** During the threshing process, if the machine gaps are too tight or the rotation speed is too high, it can cause significant damage to the seeds. Damaged seeds are more likely to develop Bakanae disease when sown.
3. **Weak seedlings:** If nursery beds are not watered regularly, drought can lead to soil cracking, which damages the roots of young plants. Weak seedlings are more susceptible to disease after transplanting.
4. **Incomplete soaking:** Seeds that are not properly soaked during the treatment process are more vulnerable to infection than those that are thoroughly treated.
**Second, methods for controlling the disease:**
As Bakanae disease spreads primarily through infected seeds, the key to effective prevention lies in establishing disease-free seed production areas, selecting healthy seeds, and applying proper seed treatments.
1. **Establishing disease-free fields:** Use only disease-free seeds for planting, and ensure they are properly disinfected. Keep the surrounding area clean by removing any diseased plants or pathogens promptly. Store harvested seeds separately and avoid mixing them with other crops.
2. **Seed disinfection:** This is one of the most effective ways to prevent Bakanae disease. A common method involves mixing 25 ml of 125% thiram emulsion with 20 ml of 0.15% natural alizarin in 100 liters of water, then soaking 100 kg of rice seeds. The soaking time varies depending on the temperature: 7–5 days at 10–15°C, 4–3 days at 16–20°C, and 3–2 days at 20–25°C. Stir the mixture three times daily and allow the seeds to germinate directly afterward. Another option is using 225% mancozeb at a concentration of 100g per 1000 liters of water, soaking for 72 hours to protect against both Bakanae and blast diseases.
3. **Removing diseased plants:** As soon as diseased plants are identified in the field, they should be removed immediately to prevent further spread of the pathogen.
4. **Preventing root and seed damage:** Protecting the roots and seeds from injury is crucial in reducing pathogen entry. Ensure that nurseries are adequately watered to avoid root damage. Before transplanting, maintain sufficient moisture in the nursery bed. During threshing, adjust the machine settings to avoid excessive pressure or speed that could damage the seeds.
By implementing these practices, farmers can significantly reduce the incidence of Bakanae disease and improve the overall health of their rice crops.