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**Prevention and Control of Peanut Diseases and Pests**
*Source: Seed World*
Authors: Hou Delian, Hou Junhui, Liu Meizhen (Baoqing Agricultural Technology Extension Center, Heilongjiang Province)
**1. Peanut Diseases**
**1.1 Bacterial Wilt**
Also known as "green disease," "dead seedlings," or "peanut pods," bacterial wilt is a soil-borne bacterial disease that affects the vascular system of peanuts. It can cause rapid death of plants within a short time frame. The disease occurs from the seedling stage to the entire reproductive period, with the flowering stage being the peak. The pathogen mainly infects the roots, leading to discoloration and softening of the roots, while the vascular tissue turns dark brown, spreading upward from the base. When the infected area is cut open and squeezed, milky white bacteria are visible. Affected plants show dehydration and wilting starting from the top down, with leaves turning dark green but remaining intact. The disease usually takes 7 to 15 days for a plant to die after infection.
**1.1.1 Agricultural Prevention and Control**
Planting resistant varieties is an effective strategy. Crop rotation is also essential in controlling bacterial wilt. Rotating with crops like corn, millet, or alternating between paddy and dry fields is recommended, with a rotation cycle of 3 to 5 years. This helps reduce the buildup of pathogens in the soil.
**1.1.2 Chemical Control**
Apply 25% thiophanate-methyl at a rate of 1 kg per acre, mixed into the soil before planting. Alternatively, use 1000 times diluted solution for root irrigation. Streptomycin at 200–400 ppm can be used for soaking seeds or drenching the roots.
**1.2 Stem Rot**
This is a sudden and severe disease that initially infects the cotyledons and then moves to the stem base. Yellow-brown, water-soaked spots appear at the base of the stem, gradually turning dark brown. In severe cases, the plant wilts and dies. In adult plants, similar symptoms occur at the main stem and lateral branches, causing the base to darken and the plant to collapse.
**1.2.1 Agricultural Prevention and Control**
Avoid continuous cropping and ensure proper seed drying before storage. Use only healthy, high-quality seeds to prevent the spread of seed-borne pathogens.
**1.2.2 Chemical Control**
Treat seeds with 50% carbendazim WP at 0.3% of the seed weight. During the seedling stage, spray 40% carbendazim gel suspension at 1000 times dilution, applying 1125–1500 kg/ha. Apply once before flowering. Alternatively, use 70% thiophanate-methyl at 800 times dilution to spray the stems.
**1.3 Root Rot**
This disease occurs throughout the growth period of peanuts. Infected plants become stunted, with yellowing and drying of leaves starting from the top. The main roots turn black and rot, eventually killing the plant. The disease spreads mainly through rain and field runoff. Factors such as excessive field moisture, low ground temperature, or early and deep sowing can increase the risk.
**1.3.1 Agricultural Prevention and Control**
Implement rational crop rotation, select and dry seeds properly, and prepare the land thoroughly. Add organic fertilizers, avoid waterlogging, and maintain good field management practices.
**1.3.2 Chemical Control**
Coat seeds with 50% carbendazim WP at 0.3% of the seed weight. At the onset of the disease, spray 50% carbendazim at 1000 times dilution to control its spread.
**1.4 Black Mold**
This disease primarily occurs during the early growth stages of peanuts. The fungus first infects the cotyledons, causing them to blacken and rot, and then attacks the seedling roots. Under wet conditions, a thick layer of mold covers the stem base, leading to dehydration, wilting, and eventual death of the plant.
**1.4.1 Agricultural Prevention and Control**
Use crop rotation and select disease-resistant varieties to minimize the risk of infection.
**1.4.2 Chemical Control**
In the early stages of the disease, apply 50% carbendazim at 1000 times dilution or 70% thiophanate-methyl at 1000–1500 times dilution. Spray every 7–10 days, repeating 2–3 times. Combine with foliar fertilizer application for better results.
By combining these agricultural and chemical strategies, farmers can effectively manage peanut diseases and improve yield and quality.
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