Cultivated value Kiwifruit is native to China. Because of its rich vitamin C content, fresh fruits have become popular in the world and become an emerging fruit tree. In addition to vitamin C content of fruits than apples, oranges, several times to more than ten times, but also contains vitamin P (ie, luding) and proteolytic enzymes, have lower blood pressure and help digestion, as a health food nutrition . In terms of medicinal value, according to clinical trials in modern medicine, its fresh fruit and juice have certain preventive and adjuvant effects on leprosy, gastrointestinal cancer, hypertension and cardiovascular diseases. In addition to plucked fruit, kiwifruit should also be used as a decorative species in courtyards, promenades, flower stands, and hedgerows. It is an ideal climbing plant. At present, except for big city hotels, the supply of high-quality kiwifruit on the market is relatively low and needs to be developed. The major species and species of genus kiwifruit are many plant species, of which the largest fruits and the highest economic value are the Chinese kiwifruit and the delicious kiwifruit. The velvet on the fruit of Chinese kiwifruit is short and soft, and when the fruit matures, it almost completely falls off, so the peel is smooth (sometimes slightly rough); the hair on the kiwi fruit is longer and harder, comes off later, and when the fruit is ripe, the bristles remain Therefore, the peel is rough, and the general storage is good. Kiwifruit was originally wild in mountain forests and cultivated late in China. In recent years, a number of excellent strains and varieties have been selected from wild kiwifruit and introduced varieties. Among the excellent varieties with good comprehensive traits and good storability or good quality (strains) are Daishanxiang, Kuimei, Jinfeng (Jiangxi 79-3), Wuzhi No. 3, Henan Gaowei, Hubei Tongshan No. 5, Yixiang, Qimi, Qiukui, etc., have exceeded New Zealand's good breed Hayward in many traits. In addition, Jin Kui and Xu Xiang are breeds with better overall traits (strains). Qionglu is an excellent variety of processed juice. Among the varieties introduced from New Zealand, Hayward (a delicious kiwi fruit) is the first choice. It is famous for its delicious taste and good storage capacity, but its output is relatively low. In recent years, China has independently selected and bred several excellent male pollination varieties. In addition to excellent fruit appearance and intrinsic quality, the standard of good varieties (strains) requires that the fruits have a certain degree of storability after harvest, can be stored at room temperature for 10 to 15 days (ie, shelf life), and the fruits do not become soft. When introducing varieties around the country, we must also pay attention to the adaptability of varieties. Growth results Habit kiwifruit is a deciduous vine fruit tree with a counter-clockwise winding at the tip of a long branch that can grow on other plants or scaffolds. The annual growth of new shoots is very large, sometimes up to more than 3 meters, so it can be quickly covered with planes. Roots are of succulent nature, the main roots are undeveloped, and the distribution of lateral roots is shallow and wide. It must be particularly well-developed and tolerant of droughts and floods. Generally 3 to 5 years after planting, the results begin. After the saplings reach the age of the results, the annual buds on the branches can easily form flower buds. Except those with long shoots, the other shoots can become the result of the mother branch, and in the second year, the flowering results are drawn. The long and strong results of the mother branch from the base of the second to third section, until more than 20 knots can form mixed buds between the leaves, the results of the new mixed shoots in the middle of the new shoot results, the results after 15 knots new shoots The incidence will decrease. Kiwifruit is a dioecious plant with occasional dioecious plants. Although both sexes are morphologically flowery, the flowers on the male plant are small, the ovary is degenerated and the pollen is more, the flowers on the female plant are large and the stamens are degraded. Female flowers are more likely to be born between the leaf buds of the new shoots, and most of them are between the second and sixth leaves. Female flower pollination fertilization can generally bear fruit, very few physiological fruit drop. Each result can have 2 to 5 fruits on the shoot. After the results of the medium and long fruiting branches can often become the result of the second year of the parent branch and continuous results. Regardless of the long, medium, and short fruiting branches, after the result on the resulting part, the leaf bud became a blind (bud) section due to the absence of shoots. Cultivation techniques 1. Propagating production uses grafting or cutting methods to propagate seedlings in order to maintain excellent female seed quality and control the ratio of male and female plants. Rootstocks are often seed-grown. The kiwifruit seeds are small and careful attention must be paid when raising the seedlings. Select the ripe fruit, wait until it becomes soft and then take out the seeds, wash and store in the shade. 40 to 50 days before sowing, the seeds are first soaked in warm water for 2 to 3 hours, and then placed in a small container for low-temperature sand storage. The container can be placed in the cold shade of the shade and covered with straw. The seeds are turned up and down about 20 days, so that the humidity is uniform and the air permeability is good. When 30% to 50% of the seeds start to sprout white, they can be sown. The middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River are about the middle and the middle of March. Soak the seed in 100 parts per million (100 ppm) gibberellin solution for 6 hours before sowing, and then sow the seeds to increase seedling emergence. The kiwifruit seedlings have poor top soil, so the bed soil should be fine, and the sorghum should be flat. Before sowing, fill the water first in the pot and wait until the water seeps before sowing. Generally, a wide-width drilling can be performed with a 15 cm line spacing and a 20 cm broadcast range. About 1 gram per square meter of planting capacity is grasped, mixed with sand and sowed in wet sand. After sowing, cover fine soil 2 mm to 3 mm and cover it with straw or plastic film. If there is a lack of water in the soil, use a watering can to spray water in time. Usually about 7 days, the seeds can extend out of the radicle and sprout in about 15 days. At this time, the cover must be removed in time to ensure smooth emergence. Seedlings are not resistant to light exposure, and they should be covered with a suitable shade in the front shed after unearthing. Seedlings grow to 2 to 3 true leaves once, and gradually remove the shade. To 4 to 5 true leaves, set the seedlings at a distance of 10 cm to 15 cm. Small seedlings can be transplanted to make up for shortages. When the diameter of the seedling base reaches 0.6 cm to 1 cm, it can be used for grafting. Grafting method can be used between June and August to embed buds, spring can be used to cut connection, pay attention to avoid the bleeding period. Interplanting methods are also commonly used to reproduce kiwifruit seedlings. During the growth period, the green cutting with leaves is more likely to take root than the hardwood cuttings in spring. However, put a shed on the insert bed to do a moisturizing cooling work. In the process of grafting and cutting, attention should be paid to the separation and division of male and female plants. 2. Planted and framed Chinese kiwifruit and delicious kiwifruits enjoy warm and humid climate conditions. They grow well in loose, fertile, well-watered, and humus-rich soils with wide adaptability. The Yangtze River and the Huaihe River Valley, especially hilly and mountainous regions, are the most suitable for development and cultivation. When kiwifruit is planted, the male and female plants are generally planted at a ratio of 8:1, and the male plants are distributed evenly. The planting distance varies depending on the type of stand, and it is cultivated on a hedgerow, with 3 to 5 meters between rows, 2 to 4 meters between plants, and 500 to 1600 plants per hectare. Horizontal scaffolding cultivation, row spacing to maintain 4 meters to 6 meters, spacing from 4 meters to 5 meters, planting 330 to 620 per hectare. At present, multiple fences are used in production. In addition, there are crossbeams that are 1m to 1.5m long and are laid on the top of a single fence, and the wire is pulled up to form a T-shaped scaffold. This rack type can make full use of space and increase the yield per unit area. In recent years, V-shaped racks have been adopted abroad, leaving the two main branches branching to the right and left climbing on a 60-degree tilted support, suitable for close-growing high-yield and mechanical farming. The fruit growers in Lujiang County, Jiangsu Province adopt upright single-dry shaping method, and the main shoots are bowed or hung by bows, especially suitable for close planting. Less investment in frame materials. The specific setting of the fence is shown in the book Grapes. 3. Pruning and other management of plastic trims vary from shelf to shelf. In the fence-style cultivation, double-arm horizontal shaping can be used. When planting, choose to leave a strong growth of dendrite as a backbone, in the first wire below 10 cm to 15 cm short. In the second year of winter, the branches drawn from the excision buds continued to stand upright, cutting under the second wire, leaving two branches left to the left as the first vine. In the following years, the second and third layers of the main vine were divided according to the requirements of plastic surgery, and they were attached to both sides. The main twigs are selected every 30 cm to 40 cm on the main vines of each layer. When the shoots grow vigorously, they can also pick up the heart early and promote branching, so that the main vines and the resulting mother twigs are formed on each layer. Trimming Depending on the result of the shoots, ten to fifteen knots are usually reserved for the robust branches that can be the result. When there are a large number of shoots, 3 to 4 shoots are left short for some shoots as a preparation. Saplings can keep the results as much as possible. Fruits with long fruiting and fruiting branches that are already fruitful can often produce continuous results. When winter cutting is performed, branches are divided by 2 to 4 buds above the final result depending on the strength of the branches. Short fruit sticks generally do not add a short cut after the results, so as to avoid dry, weak growth needs to be removed. After 2 to 3 years of continuous results, branches should be shrunk to the cadre's robust position and updated. On the leggy branches can be based on the site of its suction or sparsely cut, or leave 5 to 6 buds short cut, as renewed branches. All thin branches and dense branches should be removed during winter cutting. During the growth period, new shoot management and thinning and fruit thinning should be carried out. Before the branches have not been lignified and coiled, they should be frequently tossed and tied, and the toppings will generally be 15 to 20 knots long, depending on the rack space. If the second shoot or three tips, then leave 2 to 4 leaves repeatedly topping. Wang Shizhi removed from the base, or around 1 meter ring to suppress growth and promote the lower buds full. When the whole tree is growing up, it can spray growth retardants such as vinegar, ethephon or paclobutrazol, etc. before the rapid growth of new shoots, and leave 7-8 leaves to pick up the long fruit branch and leggy fruit branch before the uppermost fruit, or The tip is bent and fixed to suppress the apical dominance. Results When the shoots on the mother shoots are too dense, they need to be properly removed, leaving about 1 new shoot every 30 cm. Actinidia is an insect flower. In the event of low temperatures during the flowering period and even when rainy weather affects insect activity, artificially assisted pollination should be carried out. If the weather is normal and there are too many fruits, the fruit should be thinned and sparsely cleared early. The buds and young fruit at the base are removed from the same shoot, leaving the upper middle fruit. The medium and long fruiting branches generally leave 2 to 5 fruit per branch, and each fruit in the short fruiting branch leaves 1 fruit or leaves no fruit. Base fertilizer application can refer to grapes. The top dressing was applied 15 to 20 days before germination and before fruit growth, so as to promote flower bud differentiation, flower development, shoot growth, and rapid fruit enlargement. The main diseases and pests and their prevention and control damage kiwifruit less pests and diseases. Common diseases are brown spot and root knot nematode disease. Common pests are mainly omnivorous pests, such as beetles, leaf-worms, scale insects, spotted wax moths, and winged moths. At present, production basically does not cause major economic harm. In general, comprehensive control methods based on agricultural control can be used. The kiwifruit harvested, stored and processed had no apparent change in appearance when mature. When the fruit is long enough and the seeds have turned brown, the fruits are easy to ripen from when they are easily removed from the tree. Harvesting is too early and the fruit is small. The rate of rotting fruit during storage is high. When the harvest is too late, the fruit is easily softened and is vulnerable to early frost. Usually, when the content of soluble solids in fruit reaches more than 7%, it is appropriate to grasp the harvest before frost. The fruit must be ripe after 4 to 7 days after harvest to be eaten. However, after ripening, the fruit quickly becomes soft and the shelf life is very short. Prepare short-term storage of fruit, should be harvested at eight ripening, and use SM preservative treatment to slow down the reduction of fruit hardness and reduce decay. Storage should be cool and ventilated. The resources of wild kiwifruit in China are extremely abundant. In addition to the optimization of individual plants for reproduction, these wild resources can also be fully processed and utilized. There are many processed products of kiwifruit, such as juice, jam, preserved fruit, and jelly. Due to the rich content of pectin in the fruit, it is best to make jam. Select eight or nine mature fruits as raw materials, wash, wait until the fruits ripen, soften, peel, break the pulp and spare them without removing the seeds. The same proportion of sugar and fruit into 75% sugar water, filtered, first into the pot with 1/3 sugar water boil, add the pulp and boil for 20 to 30 minutes after the pulp, until the pulp boiled transparent, no white heart When you add the remaining sugar water, continue to cook for 20 to 25 minutes for concentration, and then cook the simmer over low heat to avoid coking. When the refractometer's sugar content reaches 66% to 68% or the taste is excellent, the pan can be immediately taken out for home use for a short period of time.