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Green shrimp, scientifically known as *Macrobrachium nipponense*, is a traditional species in China, highly valued for its delicious taste and nutritional benefits. Compared to other farmed species like *Macrobrachium rosenbergii* or *Penaeus vannamei*, green shrimp offers more stable pricing and lower breeding risks, making the aquaculture industry relatively steady. However, with the expansion of farming scale and intensification, several challenges have emerged. The most pressing issue is early sexual maturity, which leads to smaller commercial sizes and reduced market value. This not only affects economic returns but also causes overcrowding, competition for resources, and further decline in production quality.
To address these issues and improve productivity, farmers must adopt new breeding techniques that promote healthy growth, larger sizes, and higher profits. Based on past experiences and current practices, this article outlines key strategies for successful and sustainable green shrimp farming.
1. **Optimize Pond Conditions**
- Ensure a clean and sufficient water supply that meets national fishery standards (dissolved oxygen >5 mg/L, pH 7.5–8.0).
- Maintain a pond size of 2–5 acres with a depth of 1.2–1.8 meters.
- Install aerators and use 80-mesh filters at the inlet to prevent unwanted organisms.
- Disinfect the pond using 75–100 kg/ha of quicklime 7–10 days before stocking.
- After disinfection, add 50–60 cm of water and apply 150–200 kg/mu of fermented organic fertilizer to cultivate natural food.
- Introduce aquatic plants such as black-leaf hyphorons and agro-grass to provide shelter, improve oxygen levels, and enhance water quality.
2. **Select High-Quality Seedlings and Manage Stocking Density**
- Purchase seedlings from reliable sources rather than self-breeding to avoid genetic degradation.
- Avoid overstocking; maintain a density of 800,000–1 million per mu in nursery ponds.
- Delay stocking until mid-to-late July to reduce early maturation and control population growth.
- Adjust stocking densities based on farming methods—60,000–80,000 seedlings per acre for penaeid shrimp, or 1,500–2,000 for polyculture.
- Monitor and harvest small shrimps regularly after September to reduce overcrowding and improve growth rates.
3. **Feed Properly and Follow the "Four Sets" Principle**
- Provide high-quality feed with crude protein content of 35–40% during the larval stage and 30–32% in later stages.
- Feed according to weather, water temperature, and feeding conditions to optimize growth and minimize waste.
4. **Maintain Excellent Water Quality**
- Use mechanical aeration during critical hours (especially between 16:00 and 7:00) to ensure adequate dissolved oxygen.
- Regularly add fresh water or use microbial preparations like photosynthetic bacteria and EM to improve water quality.
- Maintain a yellow-green or brown water color with a transparency of 25–30 cm.
- Apply lime periodically (15 g/m³ every 15–20 days) to regulate pH and disinfect the water.
5. **Introduce Fish Species to Control Overpopulation**
- At the end of August or early September, introduce small fish like whitebait or silver carp to consume plankton and limit young shrimp numbers.
- Keep fish density low (around 100 per mu) to avoid competing with shrimp.
6. **Control Early Maturation and Overcrowding**
- Improve stocking methods by shifting from extensive to intensive culture and reducing self-breeding.
- When larvae appear in early September, increase water volume or apply calcine sap to raise pH and kill unmetamorphosed larvae.
7. **Prevent and Control Diseases**
- Follow a "prevention-first" approach with regular disinfection, clean water, and quality seedlings.
- Common diseases include black leg, red body, and soft shell disease. Treat them promptly with appropriate medications like quicklime, dibromohydantoin, or quaternary ammonium salts.
By implementing these strategies, farmers can enhance the health, yield, and profitability of their green shrimp farming operations. With proper management, the industry can continue to grow sustainably and meet the demands of both local and international markets.