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Sowing reproduction The sexual reproduction techniques discussed here do not involve pollination and fertilization. Only the seed collection, storage and treatment related to the production and cultivation of flower plants, as well as the sowing and post-planting management techniques are introduced. 1. Seed harvesting and procurement: Seeding and breeding first requires good quality seeds. There are two ways for seed sources: harvesting seeds by themselves and buying seeds: (1) Seed harvesting: The quality of seeds directly affects the germination rate, and also relates to the growth, development and flowering after seedling growth, in order to obtain excellent quality. seed. It is necessary to cultivate good parent strains and do a good job of maintaining the stability of the system. In the initial flowering period, plants that are robust, have no disease and insect pests, and that can reflect the typical excellent characteristics of the varieties are selected as the parent breeding strains and carefully maintained. In order to avoid possible mechanical and biological contamination of the variety, the parent strains of different varieties should be isolated and cultivated. Prevent mixing. When harvesting seeds, it is necessary to harvest seeds that are full of grain, high in purity, and free of pest and disease quality indicators. Harvest time and methods. There are differences due to the type of flowers. Generally, the seeds are harvested after they are fully matured, but some flowers are susceptible to cracking, such as pods, pods, etc., should be harvested before early mature cracking in early morning when the air humidity is high. Many of the seeds of flowers are gradually mature and should be harvested as soon as possible. After harvesting seeds. It is necessary to record the names of the varieties of flowers, the time and place of collection, and the characteristics of the varieties. So as not to cause confusion. (2) Seed procurement; In the past, due to the difficulty of flower seed sources, most flower growers are accustomed to keeping their own seeds. After many years of cultivation, the seeds are repeatedly inbred and the original fine characters are separated or degraded, which seriously affects the seeds. The cultivation quality of generations often falls short of what growers expected. Therefore, if conditions permit. The traditional way of keeping seed should be abandoned, and the first generation (F1) of flower seeds or seedlings should be purchased from a professional seedling company. The seed produced by the regular seedling company is a breed cultivated by breeders. Has a hybrid-generation genetic advantage, stable performance-induced. And a wide range of types can meet different needs, especially for large-scale commercial production. 2. Post harvest processing and storage: After the seeds are harvested, they must be cleaned. Pulling back the entire plant should be dried and threshed. Fruits, flesh, and other appendages must be removed when the fruit is harvested. If you need to dry, be sure to dry the shells together so as to avoid direct exposure of the seeds to sunlight. Otherwise, the vitality of the seeds will be affected, and even the vitality will be lost. After harvesting, the treated seedlings of the first-year and second-year-old grass-and-foliage foliage plants are generally stored under conditions of dryness, sealing, and low temperature (2-5°C). Usually to prevent the seeds from getting damp, they are usually first placed in a soft metal bag or a small plastic bag, and then put on a common paper seed bag. The name of the seed should be correctly indicated outside the seed bag, as well as the date, month, or year of use. Can also be used tin boxes, wooden boxes, colored glass bottles for preservation of seed containers. During storage, we must strictly prevent rat damage. Since seeds are alive, they also have a longevity, their strength and duration. It is closely related to storage conditions. Seeds under warm, moist, and air-flow conditions have a strong life activity. The nutrients in the seeds are quickly consumed, and the lifespan of the seeds is short. Seeds that are in low temperature, dry, slow air flow conditions. Life activities are slow, and the life of seeds is longer. Therefore, the seeds should be stored at low temperature, dry and relatively closed conditions. Despite this, the life of the seeds is still limited. Seeds that have lost their vitality cannot be used to sow seedlings. (1) Sowing time: It can be determined according to the local climatic conditions, the characteristics of the foliage plants themselves and the time needed for flowering. There are spring and autumn sowing for the two-year-old open field foliage plants. - The annual foliage plant is mostly spring sowing. About from late March to early May sowing, the south can be earlier, the north should be slightly later. The two-year-old foliage plants are generally sowed in autumn. They are sown in late August and early October. The southern region can be later, and the northern region should be earlier. For the need of flowering control, it can also be delayed in advance by spring sowing or autumn sowing, and seedlings can be sowed in advance in cold beds, hotbeds or greenhouses. (2) Method of sowing: The sowing method of the first-year and second-year-old grass-wood foliage plants includes open sowing, cold-bed sowing and greenhouse sowing. 1 open sowing: seeding and seeding seedbeds and live broadcast. Before sowing seedbeds in the open soil, choose high-desert, flat, leeward, and set seedbeds in sunny areas. Seedbed soil should be loose and fertile, not only conducive to drainage, but also have a certain capacity for water storage. It is necessary to plow till 30 centimeters deep, rake fine, remove debris, and then make rakes. The groundwater level in the southern region is high, and it is advisable to do sorghum. In the absence of water in the northern regions, it is advisable to make a low enthalpy, about 1.2 meters in width, about 0.3 meters in height, and flat surface in the upper layer. The upper layer should cover 1o to 15 cm of sieving culture soil. Among the one-year-old herbaceous foliage plants, those with straight roots and those that are intolerant of transplanting, such as those of the nymphs, should adopt Lulu’s method of direct seeding or nursery seedlings with nutrients. 1 Cooling and seedbed sowing: It is mainly used for autumn sowing in cold regions in the north. Strictly sterilize the bed before sowing, and control the amount of water after sowing. Cold bed sowing should be less pouring, fermented hotbeds should not be poured, only with wet soil to cover the soil, electric hotbeds should be more poured. 3 greenhouse sowing: suitable for greenhouse herbaceous flowers and seeds of small and small species, use more shallow seeding box or shallow seedlings as seeding equipment, seeding box specifications are generally length: width: height = 60 cm: 4O cm: IO PCT water. Sinking basins are preferably shallow basins with a diameter of 30 cm, a height of 10 cm and a porous bottom. After paving tiles in the bottom of the box and pot. Fill in 1/3 to 1/2 coarse-grained soil to facilitate drainage, refill the culture soil, and gently compact. Seed after wetting the soil. After sowing, cover with culture soil, cover with a thickness of 1/3 to 1/2 of the seed diameter, watering should adopt immersion method. 4. Seeding method and post-planting management: (1) Seeding method: There are three kinds of sowing, drilling and on-demand (also known as sowing). 1 Broadcasting: Spread the seeds evenly on the surface of the sown soil. This method is generally suitable for nursery seedlings or pot seedlings. For those fine seeds, it is difficult to broadcast evenly. It is best to mix fine sand or ash. Sow together. Sowing has the advantage of large breeding scales and more flowering seedlings. However, due to many seedlings and crowdedness, they are prone to leggy and pests and diseases. After emergence, attention should be paid to seedlings and time. 2 sowing: On the surface of the sowing soil, the seeds are sown in strips at a certain spacing. This method is mostly used for medium-sized seeds. Since there is a certain distance between the strips, the illumination and ventilation are better, and weeds and fertilization are convenient. The growth of the seedlings is also more robust. 3 on-demand; according to a certain spacing, open the hole, the seeds are sown in the hole, put 2-3 seeds per hole, and then cover the soil, covered with a thickness of about twice the diameter of the seed. This method is mostly used for large-grained seeds, valuable foliage plants and some herbaceous foliage plants that are not resistant to transplanting. After the emergence of seedlings, 2 seedlings are planted in each hole, and the extra flower seedlings are removed or transplanted to the deficiency seedlings. (2) Post-broadcasting management: After sowing the soil, cover the bed with straw or curtains to prevent the topsoil from drying and hardening, and keep the humidity of the bed soil relatively stable. Avoid watering and raining the seeds. Film can also be covered, but pay attention to ventilation. After the seeds germinate and the seedlings are unearthed, the coverings shall be removed immediately to allow the seedlings to receive the light and reduce the air humidity between the seedlings so as to prevent the seedlings from being prolonged. If the seedlings grow too dense, it takes time to seedlings and water after the seedlings. When the seedlings grow 4 to 5 true leaves, transplant them again to enlarge the row spacing. Indoor pot seedlings, to be covered in the basin glass plate moisturizing. To facilitate ventilation, one side of the glass plate is raised to make a slope. After the seedlings have been unearthed, the cover glass is lifted off to allow the seedlings to see the light, undergo exercise, and then transplanted into shallow basins. The key to post-planting management is moisture control. Be careful not to make the seedbed dry and damp, or to lose moisture. — Be sure to keep the soil moist and balanced. If it is too dry, the seed will not grow; if it is too wet, the seed will be easily rotted; if it is dry and damp, the young sprouts will die. At the beginning of sowing, the humidity of the seedbed should be larger because the amount of water absorbed when the seed germinates is large; in the later period, the soil moisture should be appropriately reduced to induce the germinating root system to grow deep. Cutting propagation Cutting propagation is the process of taking advantage of the regenerative capacity of the vegetative organs of the foliage plants, cutting roots, stems, and leaves, inserting them into the cutting bed, and giving appropriate conditions to allow them to develop adventitious roots and grow into a new plant. The vegetative propagation of foliage plants mainly uses cutting methods. 1. Cutting time The foliage plants are dominated by cuttings in the growing season, and are usually in the three seasons of spring, summer, and autumn. If they are under greenhouse conditions, they can be carried out throughout the year. 2. Before the insertion machine is ready for cutting, it is necessary to set up the insertion machine first. The slotting machine can be set in open or greenhouse, or it can be used in pots and boxes. The plug bed matrix requires loose and moisturizing, no bacteria, drainage and good ventilation. Commonly used substrates are: river sand, vermiculite, perlite, peat, and culture soil. The specific choice of substrate depends on the type of flower inserted. For foliage plants, it is generally ideal to use a mixed layered matrix of cultured soil and river sand, perlite, etc., that is, 2-3 cm thick rough stone is used as the drainage layer on the bottom of the trampoline, and is then laid on a 3 to 4 cm thick layer. Culture soil as a nutrient layer, and finally lay 5-6 cm of river sand, perlite and other substrates. The top of the slot is usually equipped with a bracket, which can be used to cover the plastic film to increase the temperature and humidity according to management requirements, or to cover the shade of the net curtain in the summer. The substrate must be strictly disinfected before cutting. 3. Cutting methods Cutting methods Cuttings of stems, leaves, roots inserted three, foliage plants mainly stems inserted, a few also use the leaf plug, such as the four seasons Begonia. When the stems of the foliage plants are inserted. - Cut the twigs that were not lignified in the current year for cuttings, cut a length of 5 to 10 cm, leave 3 to 4 knots, cut at the lower part of the internodes, remove the lower leaves, and retain the upper 1- or 2-leaflets. The cuttings of the first and second-year herbaceous flowers must retain a part of the leaves, otherwise it is difficult to root. Therefore, whether the fresh state of the cutting blades can be maintained is very important for the survival of cuttings. It's best to go with scissors, if not at the time. Place the cuttings in a cool place or wrap them with a damp cloth. Pay attention to freshness, so as not to lose water and affect survival. Before cutting. First wetting the matrix by watering, then inserting a jack that is slightly thicker than the cutting, and then inserting the cuttings to avoid scratching the cuttings of the cuttings so as not to affect the formation of callus. The cutting depth should not exceed the length of the cuttings. 1/3, generally high summer temperatures should be shallow, low temperature in spring should be inserted deep. After the cuttings, the first water should be poured to tightly bind the cutting matrix with the cuttings. 4. Post-cutting management The central part of post-cutting management is to perform moisture conditioning and light control. Moisture regulation is mainly to control the amount of water, and to create a high humidity air environment. Slotting watering can neither be more nor less, and often keep the substrate slightly wet and dry. The moisture content of the substrate is generally controlled between 60% and 70%. Excessive watering will inevitably affect the air circulation of the matrix, and it will easily lead to mildew in the wound. If the watering is too little, the dynamic balance of transpiration will not be maintained, often resulting in the cuttings having dried up before they have taken root. Therefore, improper watering is one of the most common causes of cutting failure. Usually, the amount of watering is slightly larger before the formation of callus. After the callus is formed, the number of waterings is appropriately reduced. After the new roots occur, watering is also reduced. The ability of the cuttings to absorb water from the substrate prior to hair rooting is weak. Watering alone is not enough. Only maintaining a high air humidity can reduce transpiration, prevent wilting, ensure that branches and leaves are upright and fresh, and can continue photosynthesis to promote rooting. . It is advisable to maintain the relative air humidity of the plugger at more than 85%. In the early stages of cutting, avoid excessive air circulation. Try to maintain a high level of air humidity, but when the callus has formed and begins to grow roots, pay attention to ventilation. Promote hair root growth. The tender post cuttings can not be without light, but the light can not be too strong. The leaves of the cuttings can still undergo photosynthesis in the sunlight and continue to produce assimilation nutrients, which are conducive to root formation. But if the light is too strong. Excessive evaporation of the cuttings will affect the survival of the cuttings. - General control is ideal under semi-shade conditions. In the greenhouse, cuttings, pots, and leaf plugs are buried in the same way as open cuts, which can be done by referring to the above measures.